Fracking Greenhouse Gas and Water - 1429 Words

Whats the Fracking Problem? W hy does everyone care so much about natural gas? Why is it such an essential part of modern culture? Sure, its an exciting and up and coming technology, which is fuel for the technological generation that weve grown up in, but we need to take a closer look to see the methods and impacts that could affect generations after us. Water is one of our important resources that were given to us by mother nature. We see water as a source for survival and many more advantages. Its fragile, and the smallest amount of contaminants could ruin it for a population, yet one of the major ingredients in fracking processes is the water. Reports of accidents involving water contamination are everywhere. The basic process of†¦show more content†¦Lets face it, people need the money, and some dont mind taking the risk of their water becoming harmful, some dont even realize how critical the case is. In spite of that, there are people out there, who do realize the harmful effects that fracking can cause, and these people are the ones who are fighting for the purity and future of water. Even more disturbing to some, possible groundwater contamination is the claim that the methane released during the extraction process cancels out any of the assumed environmental benefits. Although the overall amounts are relatively low, methane has one-hundred and five times more warming impact pound for pound than carbon dioxide, and so a little really does go a long way when it comes to climate change. Not surprisingly, there is wide disagreement on how much methane is being leaked into the atmosphere as part of the fracking process. Many people argue that we need hydrofracking. The economy is faltering, and more jobs are desperately needed. However, hydrofracking will harm the economy, both in the long and short term. Most industry workers wont come from local areas, so relatively few people will get jobs. Perhaps local hotels and restaurants will get more traffic, but farmers will lose business. No one would go to a farmers market if they knew the produce could be contaminated with carcinogens and radioactivity from hydrofracking. As well, tourism is one of the regions largestShow MoreRelatedFracking : Fracking And Fracking1524 Words   |  7 Pages Hydraulic Fracturing Research Paper Hydraulic Fracturing (also commonly known as fracking) is a process used to extract natural gasses deep within the earth. This is done by drilling vertically into the ground until the desired depth; then drilling horizontally; and pumping millions of gallons of water, sand, and other chemicals into the drill at a high pressure to create fissures through which the gas can escape. Currently, hydraulic fracturing is extensively used in the United States in orderRead MoreEffects Of Fracking On The Environment And Human Health1208 Words   |  5 Pagesforms of energy the demand for gas has grown rapidly worldwide in recent years. This significant increase in demand has led to a boom in world gas prices. In Australia, there are large reserves of unconventional natural gas compared to conventional natural gas. However, according to the Bureau of Resource and Energy Economics (BREE) there is enough conventional natural gas in Australia to supply all of Australia at current levels for more than 6130 years. Fracking extracts hydrocarbons from previouslyRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Negative Environmental Impacts1364 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen around for centuries and is one of the most controversial topics in science. One of the first people to discover the greenhouse effect was the swedish scientist, Savante Arrhenius, in 1896. The greenhouse is effect is when radiation is trapped, which is emitted from the sun’s warmth, in lowest level of the Earth’s atmosphere; this is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that let sunlight to pass through but it keeps the radiation, Arrhenius was the first to claim thatRead MoreFracking And The Environment : Fracking983 Words   |  4 PagesTayler Hedgecock Dr. Allen Composition 2 MWF 11 AM Fracking and the Environment Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, is not an environmentally sound method of acquiring cleaner, cheaper energy. Fracking is a practice that is being used in order to collect natural gas from deep within the earth’s layers of shale rock. Fracking is the process in which water, sand, and chemicals are forced with immense pressure, approximately ten to fifteen thousand pounds per square inch, into the shale rockRead MoreFracking, The Splitting Decision : An Analysis1726 Words   |  7 PagesFracking, The Splitting Decision: An Analysis of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Fracking Abstract Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, is the process of drilling into the Earth and subsequently directly a high-pressure water, sand, and chemical mixture at shale rock to release the gas inside, out through the head of the well. Fracking allows firms to access previously inaccessible resources of oil and gas buried underneath the earth and hidden in the rocks. In the U.S., fracking has boostedRead MoreThe Issue Of Hydraulic Fracturing1444 Words   |  6 Pageshottest new issues that has arisen to the forefront of the battle between environmentalists and the energy industry, where the health of future generations is set against our energy needs and economic growth, is the issue of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking as it is colloquially called. America’s new-found energy independence has been made possible using technology that was only a pipe dream a mere decade ago, slashing the disparity between net imports versus exports of crude oil and petroleum productsRead MoreIs Hydraulic Fracturing Environmentally Safe?1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthe largest producers of natural gas and most of the production is from shale plays. Solar, wind, biomass waste and geothermal and hydroelectric energy have long be en recognized as renewable and sustainable energy resources; however, they only comprise 9% of our energy consumption; this is in comparison to the growing production of natural gas which accounts for 40% of industrial and 74% of residential energy consumption in 2012 (Chen et al. 1). With natural gas production on the rise, several studiesRead MoreU.s. Federal And State Governments1247 Words   |  5 Pagestheir strategic goal of becoming energy independent. Incidentally, recent advances in hydraulic fracturing - a process used to extract oil or gas from underground formations - has contributed significantly to achieving that end. According to Terry Engelder (2011), of the Department of Geosciences at Pennsylvania State University, â€Å"There is enough domestic gas to meet our needs for the foreseeable future thanks to technological advances in hydraulic fracturing† (Howarth, Ingraffia, Engelder, p. 271)Read More Fracking and its Effect on the Environment Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesOil and natural gas companies have developed a way to drill for natural gas, a process called hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking. Natural gas is a flammable gas mixture consisting of methane and several other hydrocarbons that occur naturally underground. Natural gas is used as fuel for heating, cooking, and even in some automobiles like the â€Å"RideOn† buses. This technique has only recently become economically feasible with the rising prices of fossil fuels, and there is much potentialRead MoreCoal Seam Gas : Coal Gas Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesCoal Seam Gas What is coal seam gas? Coal Seam Gas (CSG) is a natural methane gas found in coal seams made by coal forming under the earth for millions of years. Countries such as the United States and China have utilised it for energy needs. Methane lines the inside of the coal cracks, pores and micro-pores and is found in the open fractures (cleats) and seams. (1) CSG is also known as Coal bed methane (CBM) and Unconventional Gas. Unlike coal itself, the gas lacks hydrogen sulphide. It is extracted

Banning Tobacco Companies From Advertising Their Products...

On February 6, 2001 Government of India released shock news on the tobacco Industry when it announced that it would soon table a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The reason for doing this is to discourage the company’s adolescents from overwhelming tobacco products and also arm the Government with powers to launch an anti-Tobacco Program. According to Suhel Seth, CEO, Equus Advertising said, The ban does not have teeth. It is a typical knee-jerk reaction by any Government to create some kind of popularity for itself. The tobacco industry was a major contributor to the State Exchequer. The people who didn’t agree with the ban challenged that by putting a ban on advertisements and sponsorships by tobacco companies, the state was effectively stepping in to tell smokers that they were incompetent of deciding by themselves what was good or bad for their health and that, therefore it had to play the role of a responsible nanny. According to Amit Sarkar, Editor, Tobacco News â€Å"Adults who consume tobacco do so of their own free choice. The risk falls entirely on them and is fully explained to them.† People believe that then if they lose sight of the truth on which all the free societies depend, namely that freedom and risks are inextricable. They also believe that if you can buy and sell tobacco you should be able to advertise for it also. A survey conducted by the Indian Market Research Bureau (IMRB), 49%Show MoreRelatedBan Banning Tobacco Companies From Advertising Their Products And Sponsoring Sports And Cultural Events867 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst started with the ban on tobacco, but this apparently didn’t work out, so , now they are trying to make face to this problem by increasing taxes. On Feb 6, 2001 Government of India (GOI) dropped a bombshell on the tobacco Industry when it announced that it would shortly table a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective of such a ban was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products and also arm the GovernmentRead MoreBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA800 Words   |  4 PagesBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA In 2004 the government of India banned tobacco companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products as well as empower the government with the power to launch an anti tobacco program. . This issue created a serious problem in that it was both ethical and commercial, the government on one hand, believe it was its responsibility to protect the welfare ofRead MoreThe Case Ban On Tobacco Ads And Talks About The Conflict Of Interests Between Tobacco Producers And The Government Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay is a case study analysis that uses the case Ban on Tobacco Ads and talks about the conflict of interests between tobacco producers and the Government of India. In Feb 2001 the Government of India published the news on tabling a bill that bans Tobacco companies on advertising cigarettes and sponsoring the sports and other cultural events. (1) There are several arguments that support the Government’s decision: 1. Protection of people’s health. As World Health Organization states thatRead MoreIndias Ban on Tobacco664 Words   |  3 Pagesaddiction of marijuana and cocaine, tobacco is becoming more dangerous and damaging drug in the world. Due to its increasing effect in deteriorating health and death tolls on humans, it has become the main concern for many governments and forced them to act and take measures to minimize the damage caused by tobacco products. One typical example of these authorities is the Indian government. For this session of written assignment, I will analyze a case study of ban on tobacco Ads by Indian government. ByRead MoreArgument On The Tobacco Advertising944 Words   |  4 Pages ARGUMENT ON THE TOBACCO ADVERTISING On Feb 6, 2001 Government of India (GOI) dropped a bombshell on the tobacco Industry when it announced that it would shortly table a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The people that support the government plan on banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their product, believe state had the right to intervene in the overall interest of the citizens. They also cited the exampleRead MoreThe Ban On Tobacco Advertising987 Words   |  4 PagesOn Feb 6, 2001, Government of India announced a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products and also arm the Government with powers to launch an anti-Tobacco Program. Summarize the arguments for the ban on tobacco advertising in India. Advocates of free choice opposed to these prohibitions, saying these amounted to unwarranted intrusion by the state into theRead MoreThe Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco Advertising946 Words   |  4 Pagesproposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. An example is Belgium whose Supreme Court (of Appeal in 1981, gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In a case which started in 1991 and ended in 1997, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, marketer of Camel cigarettes, was forced to withdraw its mascot, Joe Carmel, an animated camel, from all its advertisementsRead MoreThe Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco Advertising947 Words   |  4 Pagesproposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already i mposed similar bans. An example is Belgium whose Supreme Court (of Appeal in 1981, gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In a case which started in 1991 and ended in 1997, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, marketer of Camel cigarettes, was forced to withdraw its mascot, Joe Carmel, an animated camel, from all its advertisementsRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics864 Words   |  4 Pagesdecision when they announced the sudden tabling of a bill to banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports or cultural events. The decision caused a great uproar from the people. What had prompted such a move? Did the GOI consider the repercussions? What legislature was in place to reinforce the ban? ITC Ltd actually commented that the legislation had not been thought thorough. Suhel Seth, CEO, Equus advertising saw the move as a government strategy to gain publicityRead MoreThe Ban of Tobacco Advertising in India757 Words   |  3 PagesIndia (GOI) announces a bill about banning Tobacco companies from advertising their product and sponsoring sport and cultural events. The bill mission is to reduce consumption of tobacco products. This paper is based on information provided by the case study and is divided into four section. The first section summarizes arguments in favor of the ban on tobacco advertising in India. The second section summarizes arguments in opposition of the ban on tobacco advertising in Indian. The third sections discuss

Australian Progressive Economic Development

Question: Discuss about the Australian Progressive Economic Development. Answer: Introduction The demand of a product by the consumer is what triggers the production. After a market research and an effort made by a potential entrepreneur to identify a market gap, one of the key factor that influences his or her decision on whether to engage in the production of the commodity under research is the size of the market (Brandow, 1961). Apart from that he or she also looks on other factors such as does the market have any potential of growth? How easy is it to obtain the raw materials that are crucial in the production of a product? What are the government policies in the area? How well is the area developed in terms of infrastructure? Among other things. The size of the market creates a demand pull. The size of the demand pull is determined by the extent the consumers they willing to do to get the commodity. After a production industry has been established by an entrepreneur they have to gauge their supply with the quantity demanded (Smith, Friesz, 1985). These two parameters le ad to the supply and demand curves. This is so because the entrepreneur has to determine an optimal point, an equilibrium, in the curves of which the quantity they supply to the market, is the same amount of quantity demanded and that they will all be purchased. This is to avoid overproduction in the firm which may lead to products going bad while still in the market especially if the company is dealing with foodstuffs which may result to extreme loss by the company and to ensure that there is a continuous production process in the chain of production (Helpman, 1987). In the practical world, market prices are determined good inventory which is held by the manufacturers and not the rate at which goods are supplied to the market by the manufacturers. If they supply goods at an equal rate to which the consumers demand the companys products, then the market will be said to be at equilibrium. However if this is not the case and the manufacturers supply more that the quantity demanded then there will be a possible inflation as they will be forced to lower their prices to attract more buyers. The same case applies if they produce a few products then there will be excess competition in the quantity demanded and this will result in extreme prices to the products (Shafer, Sonnenschein, 1982). Demand This is the ability and willingness of a consumer to purchase a product. The demand for a commodity is mainly a product of two qualities which are the taste and this describes the consumers preference of the very commodity other that other similar commodities in the market and the other is the ability to buy which dictates the consumer ability to purchase the exact commodity at a particular price of which he or she has a preference of taste in it (Sonnenschein, 1973). These two factors rely on the price of the market. For instance when the price of a particular commodity is high in the market there will be a subsequent drop in demand of the product especially when alternative product has a cheaper price and the consumer is not willing to buy the very commodity at the high price or when the consumer disposable income does not put him or her in the position to purchase the commodity at that price. When the prices are low there will be a consequential high demand. This is because at very low prices many consumers of all classes, upper, middle and lower class will be able to purchase the product. However, consumers taste may vary over time. Continued use of the product may alter the demand by the consumer and over time their preference may change and they may opt for other products leading to a drop in demand it (Sonnenschein, 1973). The curve above explains the market demand scenario based on the demand of a commodity. The graph explains the consumers willingness to purchase a commodity at a particular price. However, this graph seem to explain that the quantity demanded is only affected by the price of the product, this is not true as other factors do affect the demand of a commodity by the consumer but in the scenario above they have been kept constant (Jaffe, 1988). Supply This is the ability and the willingness of the suppliers to supply a certain commodity to the market a certain set price. In the case of a higher price of a commodity in te market the suppliers will be more willing to supply are goods as the marginal revenue they realize is increased due to the elevated profits returns. In the practical market a scenario in which the inventory is much less than the desired inventory, the suppliers raises both the price and the volume of their supply to the market. In the short run, increasing the supply of commodities to the market will definitely lead to high production costs which eventually will have a direct impact on the price of the end product as they will rise. This price rise will have a positive impact on the producers as they will increase their supply (Chang, Schorfheide, 2003). The supply curve above slopes upwards. This is because every additional unit is taken to be more complex and difficult to produce than the previous unit and hence this reflects directly on the higher prices per unit increment. A short-term expansion in the production chain can mainly be achieved by making workers work on overtime rates, increase the labor force by contracting to a source from outside or just simply by increasing the workload on the present equipment (Cohen, Diether, Malloy, 2007). Relation between quantity demanded and quantity supplied Demand is a number of products or service that an end consumer is willing and able to buy at a particular price. Supply, on the other hand, refer to the quantity that a manufacturing or service industry is willing and able to supply at a particular market price. Consumers and producers react differently to a fluctuation of the market price of commodities (Jamison, Plott, 1997). For example, when there is an increment in price, the ability and willingness of the suppliers to offer the same commodity in the market will increase. However, on the other hand, the ability and willingness of the consumers to buy the same commodity will reduce. The figure below illustrates the above theory (Smith, Friesz, 1985). In the table above we note the quantity of the commodity supplied at each price. It is clear that as the price decreases there is a corresponding increase in supply and when there is shoot in price there is a corresponding decrease in supply (Guide Jr, Teunter, Van Wassenhove, 2003). The market reaches an equilibrium when there is an equality in the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied as illustrated by the graph below. It is evident that the supply and the demand curves get to equilibrium when the quantity supplied is at 57. Taking for example if the price of the commodity was at 30, the manufacturers would be willing and able to supply 84 units of the products, however from the quantity demanded at a price of 30 only 28 units of the product will be sold and evidently the producers would have so much excess inventory which is definitely a loss to them. To take back their inventory to the optimal level, the producers would have to reduce their market prices to a price of 15 w here the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded are at equilibrium (Freeman, 1979). Quantity of product Analysis using the data provided The number of persons employed is defined as the total number of people with full-time jobs in unison with those in the part-time jobs. Analysis of employment as a full time or part time is derived respect to the number of hours worked by an employee in a typical time span rather than a given reference period. The idea of usual hours is applied to persons working as well as persons on a temporary absenteeism (Burgess, Campbell, 1998). With full-time employment, a worker must have worked for 35 hours or even more within a week. On the other hand, a part-time employment refers to a person having worked for less than 35 hours with a week. With the Australian economic fluctuations, the government decided to study its employment trends over the years. This study would explain the movements of the countrys labor force with special concern focused on the shifting between full time and part time jobs. More so the statics was intended to study the movement in and out of the work duty (Campbe ll, Burgess, 2001) In my analysis I have used the data from 1985 because it is from then that the profit before income of several independent parameters like Accommodation and food services Transport, postal and warehousing Information media and telecommunications Financial and insurance services Rental, hiring and real estate services Rental, hiring and real estate services and ; Total State and Industry. By so doing I will be able to compare various population, gender and employment statistics to come up with a fine prediction of the countrys level of unemployment and the number of worker versus the total profits realized in millions. The increase in population leading to increasing in profits Over the years the pollution of Australia has been increasing steadily. This has been the case with both genders in that the female and the males. However the male population continuously to lead in numbers compared to the female population. An increase in population has a corresponding increase in the number of the available labor force (Dawkins, Norris, 1987). This labor force has been continuously increasing in the industrial basis of Australia hence the level of outputs increased significantly over the years as the population progressively grew as shown in the graph below (Romeyn, 1992). Gender based unemployment Following the data provided it is evident that the population of the male gender unemployed is far much great than their female counterparts. This can be explained that the male population in the country is leading the female population (Pettit, Hook, 2005). This is then directly reflected in the number of unemployed as there are more male unemployed compared to the female population (Preston, A., Whitehouse, G. (2004). In the early years the female gender did not participate much in employment but over the year they have caught up with the male gender and even the female unemployed to employed ratios has been increasing over the years (Pocock, Elton, Preston, Charlesworth, MacDonald, Baird, Ellem, 2008). Comparison of the employed versus the unemployed population The level of the unemployed compared to that of the employed population gives the graph below. It shows that the employed population is by far much great compared to the unemployed one. The economic condition in Australia has a favorable job market and most of the population readily get a job. This is also evident in the unemployed to population ratio. This ratio presents a very small figure that continuously drop over the years (Romeyn, 1992). The total population versus the employed population As the data presents there not much difference between the total population and the employed population. At the early years, the two graphs show a small figure in this trend. However as the years progressed there was a growth in population as well as the countrys economy. The economic growth boosted the countrys economy and the industrial, production and servicing sectors employed even more people from the growing population. However, the too much population could not be fully employed as some remained unemployed as stipulated from the graph above (Gornick, 1994). The total population increase leading to an increase in social services With the population increasing over the years the government has realized an increase in the provision of social amenities. This is because with the continuous growth in population and the countrys economy, the labor force has enjoyed incomes which has consequently increased their disposable income making them opt for better standards of living which incorporate the social amenities. These include the infrastructural tools as well as the social requirements by the general public (Lebow, Saks, Wilson, 2003). Analysis of nominal and real wages and their interrelationship A nominal wage is a standard rate of payment that employee is compensated. This payment has not the adjustment in the case of inflation. On the other hand, real wage is the quality of services and the amount of goods that a worker buys from his/normal wages. The labor supply id primarily determined by the real wage. In that, the economic status of a workforce is measured on the basis of the amount of products and services he/she is able to purchase. In the case when the prices of the products and services have been doubled, the laborer will have to double his/her amount of the nominal wage to be able to purchase the exact quantity of the product (Bhaduri, Marglin, 1990). Nominal wage is mainly measured in monetary values. The real wage, however, is nominal wage in a given economy after changes in purchasing capability of a worker. They are related in that the real wage is given by nominal wage divided by price levels (Lebow, Stockton, Wascher, 1995). Real wage = nominal wage/price level The workforce mostly is much concerned with the real wage and not the normal wage. This is so because the real wage takes into account the trade-off between the time spent in leisure and the ones in purchasing of good and services. Firms mainly are concerned with the real wage because it estimates the bill that the firm will endure in case they are to increase their workforce numbers (Bhaduri, Marglin, 1990). Conclusion Australia is an excellent example of an ever growing country will excellent economic grow. The analysis of the data has proven that the country is just more than providing a job for its employees but also taking care of their welfare in terms of nursing homes and provision of insurance policies all round matters affecting the employees as a whole. The country has provided a favorable environment to attract external investors who have established businesses within the country thus ensuring its population is free of unemployment and despite this is not yet achieved the statistical data clearly suggests that the country is in the right track on the fight against unemployment (Kidd, 1993). The government has also encouraged women to participate in the development of the countrys economy by giving them job and we can see that the level of women employed is now almost at par with that of the male. This strategy should be enumerated by other countries one of the best ways to ensure economic growth (Lebow, Stockton, Wascher, 1995). References Bhaduri, A., Marglin, S. (1990). Unemployment and the real wage: the economic basis for contesting political ideologies. Cambridge journal of Economics, 14(4), 375-393. Brandow, G. E. (1961). Interrelations among demands for farm products and implications for control of market supply. Burgess, J., Campbell, I. (1998). Casual employment in Australia: growth, characteristics, a bridge or a trap?. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 9(1), 31-54. Burgess, J., Strachan, G. (1999). The expansion in non-standard employment in Australia and the extension of employers control. In Global trends in flexible labour (pp. 121-140). Macmillan Education UK. Campbell, I., Burgess, J. (2001). Casual employment in Australia and temporary employment in Europe: Developing a cross-national comparison. Work, Employment Society, 15(1), 171-184. Chang, Y., Schorfheide, F. (2003). Labor-supply shifts and economic fluctuations. Journal of monetary Economics, 50(8), 1751-1768. Cohen, L., Diether, K. B., Malloy, C. J. (2007). Supply and demand shifts in the shorting market. The Journal of Finance, 62(5), 2061-2096. Dawkins, P. J., Norris, K. (1987). Casual employment in Australia. Murdoch University. Freeman, C. (1979). The determinants of innovation: Market demand, technology, and the response to social problems. Futures, 11(3), 206-215. Gornick, J. C. (1994). Women, employment, and part-time work: a comparative study of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. Harvard University. Guide Jr, V. D. R., Teunter, R. H., Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2003). Matching demand and supply to maximize profits from remanufacturing. Manufacturing Service Operations Management, 5(4), 303-316. Helpman, E. (1987). Macroeconomic effects of price controls: The role of market structure. Jaffe, A. B. (1988). Demand and supply influences in R D intensity and productivity growth. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 431-437. Jamison, J. C., Plott, C. R. (1997). Costly offers and the equilibration properties of the multiple unit double auction under conditions of unpredictable shifts of demand and supply. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 32(4), 591-612. Kidd, M. P. (1993). Immigrant wage differentials and the role of self employment in Australia. Australian Economic Papers, 32(60), 92-115. Lebow, D. E., Saks, R. E., Wilson, B. A. (2003). Downward nominal wage rigidity: Evidence from the employment cost index. Advances in Macroeconomics, 3(1). Lebow, D. E., Stockton, D. J., Wascher, W. (1995). Inflation, nominal wage rigidity, and the efficiency of labor markets. Mowery, D., Rosenberg, N. (1979). The influence of market demand upon innovation: a critical review of some recent empirical studies. Research policy, 8(2), 102-153. Pettit, B., Hook, J. (2005). The structure of women's employment in comparative perspective. Social Forces, 84(2), 779-801. Pocock, B., Elton, J., Preston, A., Charlesworth, S., MacDonald, F., Baird, M., Ellem, B. (2008). The Impact ofWork Choices' on Women in Low Paid Employment in Australia: A Qualitative Analysis. Journal of Industrial Relations, 50(3), 475-488. Preston, A., Whitehouse, G. (2004). Gender differences in occupation of employment within Australia. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, 7(3), 309. Romeyn, Jane. (1992). Flexible working time: part-time and casual employment: an information and discussion paper. Shafer, W., Sonnenschein, H. (1982). Market demand and excess demand functions. Handbook of mathematical economics, 2, 671-693. Smith, T. E., Friesz, T. L. (1985). Spatial market equilibria with flow-dependent supply and demand: The single commodity case. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 15(2), 181-218. Sonnenschein, H. (1973). The utility hypothesis and market demand theory. Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics and Management Science.

The New Age After the 1500s Essay Example For Students

The New Age After the 1500s Essay After 1500 there were many signs that a new age of world history was beginning, for example the discovery of America and the first European enterprises in Asia. This new age was dominated by the astonishing success of one civilization among many, that of Europe. There was more and more continuous interconnection between events in all countries, but it is to be explained by European efforts. Europeans eventually became masters of the globe and they used their mastery to make the world one. That resulted in a unity of world history that can be detected until today. Politics, empire-building, and military expansion were only a tiny part of what was going on. Besides the economic integration of the globe there was a much more important process going on: The spreading of assumptions and ideas. The result was to be One World. The age of independent The history of the centuries since 1500 can be described as a series of wars and violent struggles. We will write a custom essay on The New Age After the 1500s specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Obviously men in different countries did not like another much more than their predecessors did. However, they were much more alike than their ancestors were, which was an outcome of what we now call modernization. One could also say that the world was Europeanized, for modernization was a matter of ideas and techniques which have an European origin. It was with the modernization of Europe that the unification of world history began. A great change in Europe was the starting-point of modern history.There was a continuing economic predominance of agriculture. Agricultural progress increasingly took two main forms: Orientation towards the market, and technical innovation. They were interconnected. A large population in the neighborhood meant a market and therefore an incentive. Even in the fifteenth century the inhabitants of so called low countries were already leaders in the techniques of intensive cultivation. Better drainage opened the way to better pasture and to a larger animal population. Agricultural improvement favored the reorganization of land in bigger farms, the reduction of the number of small holders, the employment of wage labor, and high capital investment in buildings, drainage and In the late sixteenth century one response to the pressure of expanding population upon slowly growing resources had been the promoting of emigration. By 1800, Europeans had made a large contribution to the peopling of new lands overseas. It was already discernible in the sixteenth century when there began the long expansion of world commerce which was to last until 1930. It started by carrying further the shift of economic gravity from southern to north-western Europe, from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, which has already been remarked. One contribution to this was made by political troubles and wars such as ruined Italy in the early sixteenth century. The great commercial success story of the sixteenth century was Antwerps, though it collapsed after a few decades in political and economic disaster. In the seventeenth century Amsterdam and London surpassed it. In each case an important trade based on a well-populated hinterland provided profits for diversification into manufacturing industry, services, and banking. The Bank of Amsterdam and The Bank of England were already international economic forces in the in the seventeenth century. About them clustered other banks and merchant houses undertaking operations of credit and finance. Interest rates came down and the bill of exchange, a medieval invention, underwent an enormous extension of use and became the primary financial instrument of international trade. This was the beginning of the increasing use of paper, instead of bullion. In the eighteenth century came the first European paper currencies and the invention of the check. .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8 , .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8 .postImageUrl , .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8 , .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8:hover , .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8:visited , .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8:active { border:0!important; } .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8:active , .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8 .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub974d31637a6fd9d74cdc15f38eb40f8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Use of Suspense in Julius Caesar Essay Joint stock companies generated another form of negotiable security, their own shares. Quotation of these in London coffee-houses in the seventeenth century was overtaken by the foundation of the London Stock Exchange. By 1800 similar institutions existed in many other countries. It was also the time of some spectacular disastrous investment projects, one of which was the great English South Sea Bubble. But all the time the world was growing more commercial, more used to the idea of employing money to make money, and was supplying itself with the apparatus of modern One effect quickly