Facts about the ACT Test and Reasons to Take It

Realities about the ACT Test and Reasons to Take It What Is the ACT Test? The ACT test, began by the American College Testing Program (thus the abbreviation), is a normalized pencil-and-paper test utilized as a school selection test. Universities and colleges utilize your ACT score, alongside your GPA, extracurricular exercises, and secondary school inclusion to decide whether they’d like you to beauty their grounds as a green bean. You can't step through the examination in excess of multiple times, in spite of the fact that there are exemptions to this rule.â Why Take the ACT Test? Cash, cash, cash. Broke as a joke? The ACT test can collect you some genuine mint piece for your preferred school in the event that you can acquire a great score. What's more, by amazing, I don't mean a 21.Your scores chase after you. I’m totally serious. At the point when you go after your first section level position, your ACT score will be on your resume, on the grounds that honestly, your pizza conveyance gig can’t feature your thinking capacity like a 33 on the ACT can.It can help balance a low GPA. So perhaps you detested World History, failed it deliberately, and destroyed that 4.0. That doesn’t mean you dont can do well in school. Scoring high on the ACT can show you off when your GPA doesn’t. Its regularly favored over the SAT: Since the ACT is a school entrance test like the SAT, it tends to be utilized in its place. Which would it be advisable for you to take? What’s On the ACT Test? Never dread. You’ll not be required to revise the whole intermittent table of components, in spite of the fact that Science is one of the subjects you’ll see. This test, albeit long, (3 hours and 45 minutes) fundamentally quantifies thinking and the stuff you learned in secondary school. Here’s the breakdown: ACT Test Sections How Does the ACT Test Scoring Work? You may have heard past understudies from your school gloating about their 34s on the ACT. Furthermore, on the off chance that you did, at that point you should be dazzled with their test-taking abilities since that is a high score! Your general score and every individual different decision test score (English, Mathematics, Reading, Science) extend from 1 (low) to 36 (high). The general score is the normal of your four grades, adjusted to the closest number. Parts short of what one-half are adjusted down; divisions one-half or higher are gathered together. Thus, on the off chance that you get a 23 in English, a 32 in Math, a 21 in Reading, and a 25 in Science, your general score would be a 25. That’s quite great, considering the national normal is directly around a 20. The Enhanced ACT Essay, which is discretionary, is scored independently and much differently.â How Might You Prepare For This ACT Test? Don’t alarm. That was a ton of data to process at the same time. You can really get ready for the ACT and get a boast commendable score in the event that you pick one of the choices referenced the accompanying connection (or every one of them if you’re the hard worker type). 5 Ways to Prepare for the ACT Test

Good Man Is Hard To Find By Flannery O'Connor Research Paper

Great Man Is Hard To Find By Flannery O'Connor - Research Paper Example O’Connor drew encounters for her work from growing up as a Catholic in the South and this clarifies why she included strict topics by having minister characters in her work. She had her first distribution while at the University of Iowa undertaking her master’s qualification. A while later, she proceeded to invest energy at a Sarasota Springs, Yaddo that is acclaimed as a retreat for New York craftsmen. Her most perceived work was A Good Man is Hard to Find and different stories distributed in 1955 and in 1965 Everything that Rises must Converge. She got different honors, most conspicuous the O Henry Award in 1957 and after death, in 1972 the National Book Award. Presentation Cited as probably the best case of Southern Gothic writing, A Good Man is Hard to Find is set around a group of six-a grandma, Bailey, his significant other, infant and two kids just as a character known as The Misfit. These are the fundamental characters of the story that is focused on the family traveling to east Tennessee as proposed by the grandma, rather than Florida which was Bailey’s unique thought. ... The family disregards Bailey’s mother alluded to just as The Grandmother and heads off to Florida from their home in Georgia the next day. In the first part of the day the family sets off with The Grandmother supposedly having picked up energy for the excursion, she covertly stows away her feline in a bushel and wears a dress and a cap with blossoms expressing this would guarantee that on the off chance that they had a mishap people would have the option to perceive her as a woman (O’Connor 3b). This paper tries to investigate a subject of effortlessness versus opposing Christian convictions following the convictions held by The Grandmother and The Misfit. The opposing Christian conviction is a general question of others that The Grandmother makes reference to though The Misfit apparently lives an existence of callousness yet he ponders about Jesus. The story is commonly a dull funny story where its silly component is fundamentally brought out by the character of The Gr andmother. While in the vehicle headed towards Florida, The Grandmother recounts to the youngsters different stories one such being around one of her admirers a man by the name Edgar Atkins Teagarden who brought her a watermelon every week cut with his initials-E.A.T however one time a dark child ate the watermelon since he read the watermelons as eat (O’Connor 5b). The family at that point continues to stop by an eatery known as Tower possessed by a man named Red Sammy Butts, here O’Connor features the topic of question through Red Sammy who expresses that he had offered gas to certain men promising that they would come back to pay him yet they didn't. He recounts to this story to The Grandmother who recognizes him for being thoughtful and considers him a decent man. Red Sammy’s spouse comes into the discussion expressing that she likewise doesn't confide in anybody, her better half notwithstanding. Red Sammy keeps up

Deadline Communications COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Deadline Communications COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We are rapidly approaching the admission deadline (January 5th, 2010) for our two-year, full-time MIA, MPA, and MPA-DP programs and the Office of Admissions and Financial Aid is a flurry of activity.   As expected our phone is ringing, postal letters are arriving in massive quantities, and our email box is full as soon as we clean it out.   The purpose of this post is to give you a few pointers during this busy time of year for our office. The first pointer has to do with email.   If you email our office we please ask that you send your message to only one email address.   Some applicants will copy several accounts or personal addresses on a single message and this can lead to confusion and extra work in our office.   We highly recommend that you use our main account for your inquires.   The address is: sipa_admission@columbia.edu.   Using one account will allow us to answer inquiries much more quickly. The second pointer has to do with phone calls.   If you call and get voice mail, rest assured that we will get back to you, but it may take us some time.   If you do leave a voice mail and call again, it is helpful to let us know that you left a voice mail so we know that your question has been answered and can cross the voice mail message off of our call back list.   Also, when you do leave a voice mail, please speak slowly and clearly, state you telephone number twice, and also please state your location.   With calls coming from all over the world, knowing what time zone you are in will allow us to call at an appropriate time. Third, realize that we do need to manually check each and every application.   This means that when an application is submitted, it will be printed and double checked.   So for example, after you have self reported your test scores in Part 2 of the application, we will check to make sure they have printed out and then mark them as received on the application site.   Thus do not expect that your application will show as complete immediately after submitting it.   We will process it as quickly as possible and reach out to applicants if there are any issues with documents.   For more details, please see this past entry. Fourth, this time of year we receive hundreds of pieces of mail per day.   We try to keep up but each year we will open mail after the deadline passes.   As long as the documents were received prior to the deadline they will be considered on time.   Please understand that we are not able to respond immediately to inquiries about the receipt of individual documents due to the extremely large volume of mail we receive. We are very excited to begin the review process and appreciate your understanding regarding this issues.   Thank you in advance for your patience and we will update your application on line as quickly as we are able.

I Am Not The Same Person That I Was A Year Ago - 946 Words

I am not the same person that I was a year ago. I am still a college student and a softball player here at ULM. I am still working towards my psychology degree and I still have all of my same core friends. But, in many ways I am a completely different person than I was at this time last year. Last year was actually a pretty rough year for me emotionally due to several personal events that were occurring in my life. In 365 short days I have become more independent, self-confident, and an overall happier person. In the past year I have reconnected with old friends and have grown closer to them. I cannot even remember the person that I was five years ago. Five years ago I was a sophomore in high school and quite oblivious to how life works in the real world. I was completely dependent on my parents and I had no idea that I would end up living in Monroe in five short years. However, I was still a softball player for my high school team. I had not yet met any of my friends that I currently have. Most of my friends were people that I had known since pre-k. Five years ago I was much more confident that I am now, probably due to the fact that I was in better shape five years ago. I was happier due to the blissful state that I lived in; I did not have a care in the world. Ten years ago feels like a whole life time away. I was still a softball player for my little league team in Sunset, Louisiana. I had the same friends ten years ago that I did five years ago. I wasShow MoreRelatedEssay about The View of Self1177 Words   |  5 PagesIt attempts to answer the question as to what makes the person now the same person that existed a year (or any period of time) ago. The world is constantly evolving and becoming more technologically proficient; ones identity is becoming more difficult to define. John Locke, an early modern philosopher, is credited as being the first philosopher to attempt to find the one constant that makes each person the same, from day to day or decade to decade. This essay proposesRead MoreHow I Have Changed My Life922 Words   |  4 PagesI think I have changed a lot in the past year. I am the same as I was a year ago because I psychically have the same name and same social security number. I still am in love with my husband Andrew hall and we still live in the same house and we still have our beautiful step daughter Macie every other week. I am different then I was a year ago because we have been married this whole year and weren’t married last year. I have also put on more weight this year and changed my hair color. I am the sameRead MoreAm I the Same Self I was Ten Years Ago? Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesTo rise again - to be the same person that you were - you must have your memory perfectly fresh and present; for it is memory that makes your identity. If your memory be lost, how will you be the same man? — Voltaire Perhaps even Voltaire took a look in the mirror and questioned the same things I ask myself every day. Who am I, and who will I become? Am I the same self I was ten years ago? Some philosophers may question, â€Å"Am I the same person that continues to exist overtime, despite changesRead MoreHow I Changed My Life908 Words   |  4 Pageslife I ve gone through many obstacles, up and downs, and changes that could more than likely affect me forever. Looking back to this time last year I can say I am not the same person I was. I can say around this time last year I was very content with how things were in my life. I felt things were going to happen the way they did, and that was just how it was going to be. I had a little self motivation but it was not enough to where I could actually believe myself. There were times where I wouldRead MoreTime Schedule Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesIGN: My current IGN is BloodCell. You can find my old usernames here. Age: I am currently 16 years old. Born on the 29th of June 2000. Timezone: I am in CST ( Central Standard Time ). Country: I am living in the United States (Alabama) How many hours will you be on ?: You may view my time schedules in the spoiler below. School Schedule: My school [ August - May ] time schedule is listed below: Monday: 10:00am – 1:00 pm 7:00pm - 10:00pm Tuesday: 10:00am – 1:00 pm 7:00pm -Read MoreWho Is Born Having Anencephaly Condition?967 Words   |  4 PagesTwo years ago I could remember sitting in class as we discussed current topics that came on the news the night before. The topic of a baby who was born having Anencephaly condition stirred a controversial yet emotional debate. This is a condition where the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp. In other words, the baby has ‘no brain’. The child was born having ‘frog-like’ features, protruding eyes, scaly skinRead MoreThe Concept of Self Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesThe Concept of Self Who am I? What am I? Where am I going? These questions have baffled the minds of humankind for centuries, since man was able to evolve a concept of self and consider his own nature. Man has come a long way since that day, but has no further answers in the quest for Self-Concept. Who we are is, and always will be a reflection of different yet individual societies and environments in which we live. The roles we play in our specific societies give us a place of belongingRead MoreSpeech On Alzheimer s Disease Essay726 Words   |  3 PagesIntro: Hello my name is Nick and I am giving my speech on Alzheimer’s Disease. I was thinking of what I could do for a speech. Then I thought I wanted to inform people on something that little know about. Then it hit me. Alzheimer’s Disease it has affected my life so much and I know so much about it. So I am going to tell you how it has affected my life in more ways than one. Before I start I want you to imagine something. Look around you know everyone right? All these faces you see practicallyRead MoreSpeech on Alzheimers738 Words   |  3 PagesIntro: Hello my name is Nick and I am giving my speech on Alzheimers Disease. I was thinking of what I could do for a speech. Then I thought I wanted to inform people on something that little know about. Then it hit me. Alzheimers Disease it has affected my life so much and I know so much about it. So I am going to tell you how it has affected my life in more ways than one. Before I start I want you to imagine something. Look around you know everyone right? All these faces you see practicallyRead MoreInterviewing Leadership at a Local Church1246 Words   |  5 Pagesimpossible for people to act in accordance with a strict set of rules. I personally like to think that these people are making the world a better place by simply trying to take on such attitudes, taking into account that they are well-acquainted with religious behavior a person would need to employ in order to Live Out of the Mind of Christ and that they feel better just knowing that their actions reflect positively on other i ndividuals. I like to maintain a balance between teaching, cultivating, and maintaining

Teaching Speaking - 1667 Words

Teaching speaking skills 2 - overcoming classroom problems Submitted by TE Editor on 16 February, 2004 - 13:00 This article is written for teachers with large classes of students who have encountered some of the following or similar problems during speaking activities in their classroom. * Why should we teach speaking skills in the classroom? * Motivation * Speaking is fundamental to human communication * Dealing with the arguments against teaching speaking skills * Students wont talk or say anything * When students work in pairs or groups they just end up chatting in their own language * When all the students speak together it gets too noisy and out of hand and I lose control of the classroom *†¦show more content†¦If you are shy about speaking in English, how can you expect your students to overcome their fears about speaking English? Dont worry if you are not completely fluent or dont have that elusive perfect native accent, as Swain (1985) wrote We learn to speak by speaking and that goes for teachers as well as students. The more you practise the more you will improve your own o ral skills as well as help your students improve theirs. When students work in pairs or groups they just end up chatting in their own language. Is the activity or task pitched at the right level for the students? Make sure you give the students all the tools and language they need to be able to complete the task. If the language is pitched too high they may revert to their L1, likewise if the task is too easy they may get bored and revert to their L1. Also, be aware of the fact that some students especially beginners, will often use their L1 as an emotional support at first, translating everything word for word to check they have understood the task before attempting to speak. In the case of these students simply be patient as most likely once their confidence grows in using English their dependence on using their L1 will begin to disappear. Are all the students actively involved and is the activity interesting? If students do not have something to say or do, or dont feel the need to speak,Show MoreRelatedTHE USING OF COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACH IN TEACHING SPEAKING3075 Words   |  13 PagesTHE USING OF COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACH IN TEACHING SPEAKING Markus Dimu Radja ABSTRACT In teaching speaking teachers should know a).the concept of speaking, the element of the sound for instance phonemes because some of the students and including teachers still find difficulties in pronouncing them and b).models of learning and teaching and focused on CLT . Common to all version of Communicative Language Teaching is a theory of language teaching that stars from a communicative modelRead MoreSpeaking And Writing Based Language Teaching843 Words   |  4 PagesWith Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) language teaching is accomplished through tasks which have a specified result or outcome. Further to that, students should be clear on the purpose of the task and the expected outcome. In TBLT, teachers define and guide the tasks and model the correct language forms however, student self-correction is desired. Evaluation is through task completion and presentation. With the use of TBLT, the types of tasks selected can be categorized as focused vs. unfocusedRead MoreWhy Abt Is Effective For Teaching Speaking At Clt Classroom Essay2031 Words   |  9 PagesThe first question of this research is asking if ABT is effective in teaching speaking in CLT Classroom. In answering the question, the Paired Sample T Test was used. The result can be seen in the following table 5.1: Table 4.1 The Analysis of the Pre- Activities and Post- Activities in the experimental group by using t- test Paired Sample Statistic Paired Samples Statistics Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Pair 1 Post-test of ABT + CLT) 101.73 30 8.034 1.467 Pre-test of ABT + CLT) 89.97Read MoreTeaching Reading Fluency For Arabic Speaking English Language Learner Students797 Words   |  4 Pagesread is The Effectiveness of Direct instruction In Increasing English Reading Fluency For Arabic Speaking English Language Learner Students In Qatar; A Research Case Study, by Jared Lorence. Arabic being my second language, this article was a real interest to me. Many of the students I teach ELL or not are influenced by the Arabic language in their daily life. Seeing how teachers in Qatar are teaching their children, in my opinion can be very helpful for a teacher in the USA because they are nowRead MoreTeaching Hel Is The Variation Of Language And Give Voice Of Ordinary People Speaking796 Words   |  4 PagesOur approach to teaching HEL is to embrace the variation of language and give voice to ordinary people speaking these variants. While we must rely on textual documentation for most historical samples, we do have recordings of older spea kers in American English that continue to exhibit some of the same dialect features found in early Englishes. These voices are found in the interview data collected for the Dictionary of American Regional English, a six-volume dictionary of regional American EnglishRead MoreEnglish As The World Language819 Words   |  4 Pagesin society, studying aboard has become more and more popular. Not only because of English as the world language is an agent to connect countries, but also speaking English fluently will be beneficial for the future personal development. In order to study oversea smoothly, the first step is to go through the language--English. Generally speaking, English has been divided into two different types according to the purposes which are English for Academic Purpose (EAP) and General English (GE). It is obviousRead MoreThe Abraham Friedman Occupational Center889 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the program, my placement was set at the Abraham Friedman Occupational Ce nter. The students were predominantly Spanish-speaking adults who lived in downtown Los Angeles. The program was ESL Intermediate High B that integrated language skills. Since October last year, I devoted seventy hours to observation and taught four lessons totaling five hours. The guiding teacher Mr. Buckley was an inspiring educator who created a variety of classroom activities. Analysis I benefited from the observationRead MoreThe Delivery Of Communication And Differentiated Instruction772 Words   |  4 Pages Although using different teaching strategies is necessary in a differentiated music class, simply using them is not necessarily differentiating instruction. I like to think of strategies as the delivery of communication and differentiated instruction as the specific individual implementation of strategies. For example in a music class, one of my strategies of keeping students engaged is to use simple percussion instruments for developing rhythmic proficiency. The differentiated instruction is providedRead MoreTraditional Teaching Method Versus New Teaching Method1262 Words   |  6 Pagesgenerations which are considered the drive to innovation, social and economical growth (Damodharan Rengarajan 07). As mentioned by Damodharan and Rengarajan, the measure of efficiency in teaching narrows down to the methodology used in the teaching system. Frankly speaking, if we consider the available methods for teaching, the debate will definitely occur between the traditional teacher-centered systems versus more contemporary student – centered approach. Being told what to do to get an A is not simplyRead MoreWriting Assignment : Education ( Test )1269 Words   |  6 Pagesis used in the Zen-style teaching method. Mori’s input and familiarity with the Zen-style teaching method follows truly with how David Sedaris in, Me Talk Pretty One Day, found his point of enlightenment. The marvelous feeling of reaching enlightenment comes purely from the effort and speed at which you perform a certain task; from understanding someone to mastering a skill, the end result marks a beneficial use of the time you put into that task. The Zen monk’s teaching techniques used in Japan

Vaccinations Should Not Be Mandatory - 935 Words

To the average individual, the word ‘vaccination’ means to prevent illness. Vaccinations have many advantages; they allow us to be less susceptible to a variety of illnesses and diseases. Many individuals believe that vaccinations should not be mandatory. However, the benefits from vaccinations greatly outweigh the risks from side effects. The judgments are factual and ethical and are supported by testing and research findings from multiple sources. First, in 1796, a doctor named Edward Jenner performed the very first vaccination. â€Å"Taking pus from a cowpox lesion on a milkmaid’s hand, Jenner inoculated an eight-year-old boy, James Phipps. Six weeks later Jenner variolated two sites on Phipps arm with smallpox, yet the boy was unaffected by this as well as subsequent exposures† (Minna Markel, 2005) (Cave, 2008). The first vaccination allowed people to recognize that it was beneficial for their health. It provided the base for the rest of the variations of vaccinations to come. Vaccinations began with the notion that it is rooted in the science of immunology. Throughout history, there have been many variations of this first vaccine for things such as small pox, mumps, malaria and guinea worm. (The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, n.d.) Furthermore, there are beneficial reasons for embracing vaccinations for one’s children. Children are especially vulnerable to disease because their immune systems have not yet developed, and getting a serious illness can haveShow MoreRelatedMandatory Vaccination Should Be Mandatory Vaccinations1228 Words   |  5 PagesMandatory vaccinations should be required for all citizens in the U.S. Having mandatory vaccinations will allow for well protected future generations that are susceptible to less health issues. With everyone being vaccinated there will be less occurrences of these diseases and sicknesses allowing future generations a more healthy life with fewer visits to the doctor’s office and hospital. Another reason to have mandatory vaccinations is that these vaccines are safe and approved by trusted medicalRead MoreMandatory Vaccination Should Be Mandatory Vaccinations1975 Words   |  8 Pageswhen I found out I would be bringing a new life into this world in late August, many thoughts and options began flowing through my head. At this time I didn’t know routine vaccinations were a choice for parents to make, I always thought they were mandatory. This being said, I began my research on the pros and cons of vaccinations. While I learned there are cons of vaccinating children, I also learned that the benefits of routinely vaccinating children significantly outweigh the risks. I chose fromRead MoreMandatory Vaccination Should Be Mandatory Vaccinations3657 Words   |  15 PagesAssa 1 Christina Assa ENC1101, 1954644 Professor Hofman 30 April 2015 Mandatory Vaccinations There is much debate to whether or not children should or shouldn’t be vaccinated. Every day there are many children and even adults who have died from diseases that could have been prevented before they came up. Immunizing our children is important so that they will stay healthy and so will other children around them. Children are at the most risk for developing diseases when they are growing up. TheyRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory Vaccinations1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe government should mandate vaccinations, and although it would sacrifice the liberty and choice for public health it would keep the well-being and health of everyone much more safe and away from the risk of disease. Most people agree that vaccinations should be mandated because of how being vaccinated keeps people safer in public environments since being vaccinated helps stop diseases from being spread, as proven by science, but people who do not agree with vaccination mandation most of the timeR ead MoreVaccination Of Vaccinations Should Be Mandatory1403 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccines Should be Mandatory in Order to Attend School Standard Number 6.4.B Jessica Crowe James H. Groves CEA3 ARGUMENT PAPER Jessica Crowe James H. Groves 30 June 2017 Vaccines Should be Mandatory in order to Attend School Standard Number: 6.4.B Protecting a child’s health is very important to parents! That is why they should vaccinate them as young children. All children should be required to have vaccinations in order to start school in every state. Each year about 85% ofRead MoreVaccination For Vaccinations Should Be Mandatory982 Words   |  4 PagesBetween 1924 and 2013, vaccinations prevented 103 million cases of polio, measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis A, diphtheria, and pertussis (Bailey). Vaccinating is â€Å"the process by which pathogenic cells are injected into a healthy person in an attempt to cause the body to develop antibodies to a particular virus or bacterium—successful creation of antibodies is referred to as immunity to the disease caused by the particular pathogen† (Introduction to Should Vaccinations be Mandatory). Popular conflictsRead MoreShould Mandatory Vaccination Be Mandatory? Essay2213 Words   |  9 Pages Mandatory Vaccinations Parents face many different decisions when raising a child; some decisions are trivial, and others can be controversial. Whether or not to vaccinate a child is one of the most controversial choices. So controversial, in fact, that there is a political conversation of making immunizations a requirement. Many people support the movement of making vaccinations mandatory. Proponents argue that vaccines save lives, vaccine-preventable diseases have not been eradicated, and vaccinesRead MoreVaccination Of Vaccinations Should Be Mandatory1375 Words   |  6 PagesVaccines should be Mandatory in order to Attend School Standard Number: 6.4.B Protecting a child’s health is very important to parents! That is why they should vaccinate them as a young child. All children should be required to have vaccinations in order to start school in every state. Each year about 85% of the world’s youth receive vaccines that protect them against several diseases like, tuberculosis, pneumococcus, and many more. Even with great success, and improvements with vaccinations, more thanRead MoreShould Vaccinations Be Mandatory?1652 Words   |  7 PagesAudrey Miller Research Paper Draft Laura Thompson 10/21/15 Should Vaccinations be Mandatory? In today’s society, it is very common for parents to have their children vaccinated and to be vaccinated themselves. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Source 1), more than 80% of children from the ages of 19 months to 35 months were immunized for several different diseases. I myself have always been vaccinated, but I believe that it is a person’s right to decide whether or notRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pagesfeared disease. But thanks to doctors like Dr. Salk, doctors have developed a vaccination for other diseases, not just polio, which helped eradicate and eliminate many diseases that have killed millions in the past. Today, many American parents refuse to vaccinate their children due to a variety of unfounded fears. Vaccinations should be mandatory, unless a person has a medical condition that says otherwise. These vaccinations are vital to the control and eradication of deadly infectious diseases a nd

Essay On Character In Ragtime El Doctorow Example For Students

Essay On Character In Ragtime El Doctorow Ragtime was a very influential part of the development of jazz. Ragtime became very popular in the late 1800s. Ragtimes distinct style set it apart from the other genres. Syncopation is what defines this art form. This is when the loud accents fall in between the beats. Anything that is syncopated is basically ragtime.One of the most important ragtime composers was Scott Joplin. Like all great artists, Joplin did not restrict himself to this favored art form. Both before the advent of ragtime and after, Joplin composed marches and waltzes, including the syncopated waltzes. Theres more to ragtime than syncopation, while some very good ragtime is not of the classic form. But the lines are often blurred. Ragtimes influence on other musical genres dictates that part of the character of ragtime surface in those genres. The classical composers Charles Ives, Igor Stravinsky, and Darius Milhaud were all intrigued by the opportunities that ragtime offered to express new musical ideas. Joplin himself wrote ragtime operas. As performers began to rag both melody and accompaniment, ragtime began its transformation into jazz. As classic ragtime was meant to be played as written, these artists also moved toward greater improvisation. Jelly Roll Morton recognized the coherence of ragtime but gave it more freedom, especially in the bass line. This resulted in what is known as stomp piano. Charles Cow-Cow Davenport, who pioneered the Boogie-Woogie style, was trained in ragtime but recorded many blues pieces. James P. Johnson was instrumental in moving ragtime toward jazz and blues, creating Stride Piano. Other developments led to the trumpet-piano style of Earl Hines and Teddy Weatherford and to the swing style of Duke Ellington.Some Historians consider ragtime to be the very first jazz style. Although it cannot actually be classified as jazz, ragtime is definitely a very influential part of jazz. In Louisiana at this time there was music everywhere. Ragtime bands and marching b ands were joining together. Mexican bands were also and influence especially in the way the trumpets and horns were played. All this merging of different band sounds was important in the creation of jazz. Eventually the instruments used in marching bands crossed over into jazz instruments. The drums and clarinet filled in for the marching band instruments. New Orleans was such a melting pot for music and culture but it was also a party town. This party scene was also a part of how jazz was molded. The demand for fresh new music was high, which caused musicians to alter and elongate their styles. All the new creations and variations on the music in the end fused into jazz. 2. The blues first emerged as a distinct type of music in the late-1800s. Spirituals, work songs, seculars, field hollers and arhoolies all had some form of influence on the blues. Early blues were a curious mixture of African cross-rhythms and vocal techniques, Anglo-American melodies and thematic material from fables and folktales, and tales of personal experience on plantations and prison farms. After the war, blacks were still slaves to King Cotton, and many found themselves struggling to support themselves working on plantations well into the mid-twentieth century, or struggling to support themselves as sharecroppers or tenant farmers. The blues developed into a distinct form of folk music as a direct result of this. The emergence of the blues coincided with the worsening of the social and economic conditions for blacks in the South. The country blues, usually considered an earlier form of the genre, was actually recorded in the mid-1920s. There are several regional styles of co untry blues, including delta blues from the Mississippi Delta, Texas blues, and Piedmont blues from the Southeast. Country blues was usually recorded by a single male singer, self-accompanied on the guitar or piano, with perhaps an accompanying harmonica or simple percussion. Charley Patton, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Blind Boy Fuller, and Robert Johnson were country blues musicians. Beginning in the 1930s, blues musicians fell under the influence of urban culture, including popular music and jazz. Combos incorporating piano, guitar, and percussion developed, although the country, downhome origins of the musicians were still evident in the music. Major musicians of the 1930s included Tampa Red, Big Bill Broonzy, Little Brother Mongomery, Leon Carr and Scrapper Blackwell, Lonnie Johnson, and Memphis Minnie.After World War II, the use of electrified instruments became inevitable. During the 1940s, some blues bands even incorporated saxophones, although the preference was for amplified har monicas, especially in Chicago, a predominant center of blues recording in the 1950s. Blues from this period is often called urban blues, electric blues, or simply Chicago blues. Important urban blues musicians included Muddy Waters, Little Walter, Elmore James, Howlin Wolf, T-Bone Walker, and B. B. King. Rural blues was an early form of blues. It consisted of more simplistic instruments and tunes. Where as urban blues used different instruments and sounds and was a little classier than the chants from down on the plantation. Rural blues began as just solo singing as where urban blues was a singer accompanied by a band. Blues has changed over the years, whether its rural or urban anyone knows the blues when they hear it. .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac , .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac .postImageUrl , .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac , .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac:hover , .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac:visited , .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac:active { border:0!important; } .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac:active , .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub3da1eb47ccfb7a6f65bc3b225a6ddac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alexander The Great EssayWords/ Pages : 892 / 24

Against Tariffs free essay sample

The first is protective tariffs (import axes), designed to raise retail price of imported products so that domestic goods will be competitively priced. The second is revenue tariffs, which are used by developing countries to help infant industries compete in the global market. 87) Wendy argues that tariffs encourages Americans to buy Us made products, but in fact the people are looking for what is in their best interest, and really dont care if something is made in America or funded by American banks.If consumers have to pay higher just to get something from the US then they loud probably go with getting capital products made by other countries at a cheaper price. In our text it states Uninterrupted flow of capital gives countries access to foreign investments, which help keep interest rates Another counter argument is that tariffs protect workers and wages. But I have learned that tariff has increased the prices of materials and the products, making things more expensive for the consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Against Tariffs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By adding additional monies to prices hurts trade and goes against what the consumers wants and that is cheap pricing.Global competition and less costly imports keep prices down, and to inflation does not curtail economic growth (P. 69) The third argument of Wends is that tariffs help to maintain a favorable balance. Sometimes when you trade, it wont always be about what is favorable to the countries, but it goes upon what the countries needs. Comparative advantage theory states that a country should sell to other countries those products that it produces more effectively and efficiently, and buy from other countries those products it cannot produce effectively.

Comparing Keats Odes Essays

Comparing Keats Odes Essays Comparing Keats Odes Paper Comparing Keats Odes Paper KEATS: COMPARITIVE STUDY OF THE TWO ODES: Keats’s odes, on the level of superficial reading can be seen as a brilliant rendering of a scene, a season or a mood; the final perfection of English landscape poetry. The two odes, namely, â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† and â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† appeal directly to the physical senses through a recognition of the physical reality of experience. However, such simplified conclusion is misleading as it disregards the poet’s complex thought process- where sensuousness and contemplation get unified. The central themes of the two poems are neither a nightingale nor an urn, but, the poet’s eternal search for a center of refuge in a world of flux. It is through such a conception that Keats sets to resolve the dichotomy between the world of the ideal and that of reality within the order of experience. In â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†, the poet addresses a bird which appeals to his physical senses and seeks to unite with it. In the beginning, the poet is seen in a state of trance, happy beyond human endurance in his empathy with the bird’s song. Yet, he oscillates between the world of imagination and reality unable to reconcile them. At this moment, the wine, â€Å"cool’d a long age in deep delv’d earth† becomes an agent to carry him to the platonic ideal state of perfection but ironically fails to make him win over his mortality. His desire to escape grows and seems almost fulfilled in the fourth stanza- he feels himself placed with the nightingale- amidst the forest which is so dark’ that even the presence of a throned moon is conjectural. â€Å"Already with thee†- he exclaims in recognition of an identification of himself with the spirit of the bird. However, the very same statement presupposes â€Å"I† and â€Å"Thee† and indicates that this is not a true union, since, in a perfect union, the individual entities fuse to form a whole. The poet fails to become one with the bird, he can only â€Å"accompany† the bird (be with it). He realizes, as he returns to reality and relates his enrapturing experience with it- that man with his quality of transience cannot participate in the world of Imagination forever. He mentions, â€Å"fancy† and calls it â€Å"deceiving elf†, perhaps as a foil to Imagination. The experience of merging with the nightingale is based on sensual physicality and lacks the elevation of spiritual awareness. He is left perplexed regarding his state of consciousness while the receding music discards him from the world of ideal at a moment when he is not ready to confront reality. This conflict is carried on to â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn†, where Keats acknowledges that â€Å"heard melodies are sweet but those unheard are sweeter†. In the beginning of this ode there is recognition of permanence in art. The poem is a sober and disciplined work of art, where passion and intellect fuse in a rounded perception, just like the urn which it talks about. He uses a series of imagery inspired by the carvings on the urn. Interestingly, he reflects on the presence of â€Å"absence†- the music unheard, the empty streets waiting for the people to return, the unfelt communion of the lovers who never unite. Thus, despite recognizing the superiority of Imagination over reality, he is troubled by the â€Å"cold pastoral† lifelessness of the moment frozen on the urn. In both the odes, Douglas Bush observes, â€Å"†¦ is a belief that whereas the momentary experience of beauty is fleeting, the embodiment of that moment in art, in song or in marble†¦ is an imperishable source of joy. † However, this embodiment is not infused with life. The beauty of the maiden is eternally true, but equally true is the lack of satiation of the lovers. Keats’ sensuousness reaches a greater level of perfection through this recognition of absence. Therefore, one might feel that it is easy to bring all the senses in ones poetry. However, as far as Keats is concerned it is not just how he mentions various sensations of sight, sound, touch, taste and smell- it is about the flowers that he â€Å"can not see†, the music that he can not hear, the mystery that he can not unravel. His negative capability does not remain just a means to achieve objective distance from his own self, by negating himself to experience the world from a different viewpoint, but also to attempt to understand these sensations that even the inhabitants of that â€Å"different† point cannot experience. This conflict between the present sensation and â€Å"absence†, fancy and imagination, transience and permanence is finally resolved in â€Å"To Autumn†. In this poem Keats understands that true fulfillment does not come from permanence but from maturation: â€Å"Ripeness is all†. However as he pens down the first two odes, this recognition does not dawn on him. He is still unable to solve the riddle of reality but his sensuousness makes him understand the disparity between the ideal and real and his contemplation makes him all the more eager to solve the riddle.

Explain THE STORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Explain THE STORY - Essay Example Therefore, this approach would mean that the act of torture be undertaken for the happiness of the millions. I as well believe that if terrorist is left un-tortured, the victims to the explosion of the bomb would be so many. Therefore, it is right to torture the terrorist for him to reveal the information needed to help the people at stake. In scenario B and from Kant’s point of view it would not be ethical to frame the old man for the crimes he did not commit. It would be quite hard for the will of a maxim and its subjective principle becoming universal law to be proved. On Mill’s perspective based on utilitarian theory, it wouldbe the only thing to do given the vast crisis that is currently witnesses in the multiracial community. Convicting the old man for the crimes would have much positive impact on the socio-economic existence of the inhabitants here. On my own, I would suggest the NYPD intensify the search to bring the right culprit to book in a timely manner as it would be unfair to convict an innocent person both in the eyes of God and the law. The old man would as well be seriously affected in the event he clears his jail term and has to come back into the same society that he

INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING AND ADVERTISING Assignment

INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING AND ADVERTISING - Assignment Example Promotion involves two way communications that occurs between the seller and the customer. Advertising involves the use of messages that can inform, persuade and remind customers on the products been sold. Advertising and promotions has many techniques that can be used to achieve the required goals. Different media can be used depending of the budget, marketing objectives and the target market. When one want to market a new model car that is environmentally clean, there are many types of media that be used to advertise this model. People would like to have cars that are environmentally clean because the whole world is trying to reduce global warming. Therefore, coming up with a new car that has less effects on the environment will have to be marketed using the best ways. This hybrid car can be advertised using different media that will ensure that people locally and worldwide are aware of this car. Cars need to be advertised globally since not all countries can manufacture cars. This hybrid car can be advertised locally using television. Television has always been one of the best ways for ads. This is because many people like watching television programs. However, to advertise this car, program that is loved by many people in the country should be considered. This is because large population will be persuaded by the advert. The advert should during the short commercial breaks that take place as the television program is taking place (Schmidt & Kess, 1986 pp.45). During this time, the manufacturer is able to reach the largest population who are watching the television channel. Despite the fact that the advert will be very expensive, it is a guarantee that very large population will aware of the car. The hybrid car can also be marketed through some motor shows. Many people normally attend motor shows. These people are always interested in the new cars that are in the current market. Therefore, manufacturer of the car should ensure that his or her model is feature d during the motor show. Digital marketing can also be used to advertise this hybrid car. This involves the use of social networks like Facebook, twitter, YouTube and blogs. Due to the fact that many social networks have very large world population that access them, this media can be best one in advertising the hybrid car. Pictures of this car should appear in these websites and the links to the original website of the car should be provided. This marketing can be expensive but it reaches very large population both locally and globally (Cairns, 2010 pp.23). To market a car like Mercedes, many types of media have to be used to ensure target market is reached. One of the media that can be used is the television. This media is appropriate because it ensures that large population is reach. Exhibitions can also be used to market this model. People interested in this car will come to enquire on some features of the car. Their interests of buying this car will rise after the exhibitions. T his model can also be marketed through social media like designing its website, use of Facebook and YouTube. The manufacture will be sure that very large population will be reached. This increases marketing of this car brand (Cairns, 2010 pp.29). For a small restaurant that had closed down to re-open, it has to use some promotions to ensure that they gain more customers. These promotions can be advertised using

Literature Survey On Steganography

Literature Survey On Steganography In this chapter, the literature survey on the steganography and various network security mechanisms are described. Many existing algorithms for steganography since 1991 to 2009 are studied and presented in this literature survey. Numbers of web sites as well as research papers are referred on virtualization, ARP Spoofing, IDS Architectures. The description of the research papers referred pertaining to steganography and network security are given in the subsequent sections. The literature is presented in chronological order for these two areas separately. 2.2 Literature survey on steganography Bender et al. [6] in this paper, the authors describe the techniques of data hiding like low bit rate data hiding in detail. Johnson, N. and Jajodia S. [34] This article explores the different methods of steganography such as LSB, Masking and Filtering and also explains about different software tools present in the market for Steganography, such as Stego Dos, White Noise Storm, S-tool etc. Marvel et al. [38] It is proposed that (Spread Spectrum Image Steganography) SSIS is a blind scheme where the original image is not needed to extract the hidden information unless the receiver possesses the secret key to extract the secret message, otherwise it is virtually undetectable.Thus making this technique reliable and secure. Jessica Fridrich et al.[32] This paper proposes a highly accurate steganalysis technique which can even estimate the length of secret message embedded in LSB method. In this method, the test image is divided into groups of n consecutive or disjoint pixels. This method exploits the modified pixel values to determine the content of secret message. A discriminating function is applied on the group of pixels. This discriminating function determines the regularity or smoothness of pixels. Then a permutation function called flipping is applied on the pixel groups. By using discriminating function and flipping, Pixels groups are classified in to three categories, i.e Regular groups, Singular groups and Unused Groups. For a given mask, fraction of Regular groups Rm and fraction of singular groups Sm are calculated. Presence of noise in the image causes Rm to be greater than Sm. R. Chandramouli and N. Memon[49] It gives the analysis of various methods of LSB techniques for image steganography. Tseng, Y.C et al. [63] This paper presents a secure steganographic scheme which makes sure that if any modified bit in the cover image should be adjacent to another bit that has the same value as the formers new value. By this way the detection becomes extremely difficult. But for achieving this, data hiding space has to be reduced. Da-Chun Wu, and Wen-Hsiang Tsai [23] proposed a differencing steganographic method that uses the difference between two consecutive pixels in the same block to determine the number of secret bits to be stuffed. In this method a range table is used which ranges from 0-255. The difference value is subsequently adjusted to the difference in the same range to embed the secret bits, and the difference between the original difference value and the new one is shared between the two pixels. Extraction scheme in this method is quite simple and it do not requires cover image. Sorina Dumitrescu et al.[55] This paper proposes a new steganalysis technique to detect LSB steganography in digital signals such as image and audio. This technique is based on statistical analysis of sample pairs. By this technique the length of hidden message embedded via LSB steganography can be estimated with high precision. C.-C.Chang and H.-W. Tseng [9] this paper proposes a novel steganographic technique, which modifies the pixel values. This method does not replace the LSBs of pixel value directly, but changes the pixel value into another similar value. In a word, this steganographic method provides a large embedding capacity with little perceptual distortion. Mei-Yi Wu et al. [40] this paper presents a new iterative method of image steganography based on palette which reduces the Root Mean Square error between an original image and its corresponding stego-image. Based on a palette modification scheme, which can embed one message bit into each pixel in a palette-based image iteratively. The cost of removing an entry color in a palette and the profit of generating a new color to replace the old color are calculated. If the maximal profit exceeds the minimal cost, an entry color is replaced in iteration. C.-K. Chan and L.M. Cheng [11] this paper proposes LSB technique in which the secrete data is embedded in the Least Significant bits of the image pixel. Huaiqing wang and Shuozhong wang [29] Different techniques of steganography and steganalytic methods were discussed in detail in this paper. This paper focuses on LSB modification techniques, Masking techniques, Transformation domain techniques, Techniques incorporated in compression algorithms, and spread spectrum techniques. Then the important attributes of a steganographic system are presented, security, payload and robustness. This paper also presents various steganalytic methods such as, RS steganalysis, Chi-square test, Histogram analysis and universal blind detection. Xinpeng Zhang and Shuozhong Wang [65] this paper proposes the steganalysis of PVD method proposed by Wu and Tsai. This steganalysis is based on Histogram analysis. The zigzag scan of the image pixels produces a vector called Image Vector and the difference of every pair of pixels in this vector produces another vector called Substitute vector. An image from Substitute vector is built which is named as substitute image. Histogram of substitute image is constructed and analyzed. Andrew D. Ker [4] Detecting LSB matching steganography is quiet difficult compared to the LSB replacement steganography. In this paper Histogram characteristic function (HCF) is used for the detection of steganography in color images, but it cannot be used for gray scale images. Alvaro Martà ­n et al. [3] Authors have experimentally investigated three different steganographic algorithms. steg, MHPDM, and one of the algorithm used in S-tools. Jsteg embeds a message in the least significant bit of JPEG DCT coefficients. The MHPDM (Modified Histogram preserving Data Mapping) algorithm, which is developed from HPDM (Histogram Preserving Data Mapping), works by altering the least significant bit of a subset of the JPEG DCT coefficients of an image. Chin-Chen Chang et al. [15] this paper proposes two efficient steganographic methods for gray-level images by utilizing the run-length concept. The two methods embed bits of the secret data in each two-pixel block. In addition, the modular operation is applied in both methods to control image quality. The experimental results demonstrate that both methods in this study perform better than all previous methods, in terms of image quality and embedding capacity. Chin-Chen Chang and Tzu-Chuen Lu [13] the method proposed in this paper exploit the difference in the expansion of the pixels to conceal large amount of message data in a digital image. The payload capacity of the proposed scheme is higher than Tians scheme and Fridrichs scheme.In addition, the quality of the embedded image of the proposed scheme is even higher than those of the other schemes. Chin-Chen Chang and Tzu-Chuen Lu [14] SMVQ (Side Match Vector Quantization) exploits the correlations between the neighbouring blocks to predict the index of an input block that improves not only the block effect of VQ, but also the compression performance of VQ. Owing to the good compression performance and image quality, more concerns are given to SMVQ. Suk-Ling Li et al. [56] In this scheme, the best match cover-image block of the secret-image block is first selected based on the block difference. Then, the error-matrix, the normalized error- matrix, the difference-degree and the quantized-error matrix between the cover-image block and the secret-image block are computed. The block header information is embedded into the cover-image by the simple LSB substitution method. Chin-Chen Chang et al. [17] this new scheme classifies the host image pixels into two groups of pixels according to the pixel values. For each group of pixels, the corresponding secret pixel values go through an optimal substitution process and are transformed into other pixel values by following the dynamic programming strategy. Then, embed the transformed pixel values in the host pixels by using the modulus functions and obtain the stego-image. Hideki Noda et al. [27] The JPEG compression using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is still the most common compression standard for still images. QIM(Quantization Index Modulation) is applied in DCT(Discrete Cosine Transformation) Domain. DCT based steganographic techniques are immune to Histogram based attacks. Two different quantizers are used with QIM, one for embedding 0 and another for embedding 1. Another method called HM-JPEG(Histogram Matching JPEG) Steganographic method is also presented along with QIM-JPEG Steganography. In these two methods embedding of secret message takes place during quantization of DCT coefficients only, not by modifying quantized DCT coefficients. Chin-Chen Chang et al. [12] it presents a reversible data hiding scheme for compressed digital images based on side match vector quantization (SMVQ). In Vector Quantization or SideMatch Vector quantization based methods VQ and SMVQ Compression codes are damaged by the secret data embedded in the message. And they cannot be constructed completely after extracting the secret data. By using this method, the original Side Match Vector Quantization compression Codes can be completely reconstructed, after extracting the embedded secret data. Ran-Zan Wang and Yeh-Shun Chen [51] this paper presents a new steganography method for images which use a two-way block-matching procedure to find for the maximum similarity block for each block of the image. The indexes which get along with some non matched blocks are noted in the least significant bits of the carrier image, using a hop scheme. This algorithm provides a high data payload capacity. C.-C.Chang and W.-C. Wu [8] this paper provides a technique to improve the embedding capacity without reducing the quality of cover file. That technique is called an adaptive VQ-based data hiding scheme based on a codeword clustering technique. Adaptive embedding method is superior to the fixed embedding method in terms of embedding capacity and stego-image quality. Xinpeng Zhang and Shuozhong Wang [64] a novel method of steganographic embedding in digital images is illustrated in this paper. In this method each secret digit in a (2n+1)-ary notational system is carried by n cover pixels, where n is a system parameter. This method offers a high embedding efficiency than that of previous other techniques. Mehdi Kharrazi et al. [39] this paper gives the experimental evaluation of various steganographic and steganalytic techniques. Chin-Chen Chang et al. [18] in this paper, a new watermarking based image authentication scheme is implemented. The feature extraction process of the proposed scheme is block-based, and the feature of a block is obtained by performing a cryptographic hash function. Then, the bit stream of the feature is folded and embedded into some least significant bits of the central pixel in the corresponding block. Po-Yueh Chen and Hung-Ju Lin [48] this paper proposes a new image steganographic method based on frequency domain embedding. The frequency domain transform applied in this method is Haar-DWT. There are three regions i.e., low frequency region, middle frequency region and high frequency region. And embedding occurs in Middle frequencies. Tse-Hua Lan and Ahmed H. Tewfik [61] the authors have proposed an algorithm which is based on the quantized projection embedding method. Quantized Projection (QP), combines elements from quantization that is QIM and spread-spectrum methods. It is based on quantizing a host signal diversity projection, encouraged in the statistic used for detection in spread-spectrum algorithms. Yuan-Hui Yu a et al. [67] in this method, a color or a grayscale secret image is hided in a true color host image. Procedures to different secret image types are independent. There are three image-hiding types, which depend on the type of secret image. The second type is a palette- based 256-color secret image. The third type is a grayscale secret image. Ran-ZanWang, and Yao-De Tsai [52] This paper presents an efficient image-hiding method that provides a high data hiding capacity that allows the embedded image to be larger than the cover image. In this method the image to be hidden is divided into a series of non-overlapping blocks. A block matching procedure is adapted for each block of the image to search for the best matching block from a pool of candidate blocks. This selection of best matching block is done by K-means clustering method. Then the indices of secret image are hidden in the LSBs of best matching block in the cover image. Bibhas Chandra Dhara and Bhabatosh Chand [7] Block truncation coding and vector quantization are the two widely used spatial domain compression techniques. In the proposed method the inter-plane redundancy is reduced by converting RGB to a less correlated triplet. The spatial redundancy is reduced by block quantization using BTC-PF method and the code redundancy by entropy coding using Huffman code. Nan-I Wu and Min-Shiang Hwang [41] this paper presents a survey of current methods of steganography in Gray scale images. The following methods are compared and analyzed in this paper. 1. The simple LSB method : Secret data is hidden in the Least Significant Bits of the Cover image. Quality of 3-bit LSB stego image is merely acceptable. 2. The optimal LSB methods: To improve the quality of stego image optimal procedure is adapted in LSB embedding. When data is hidden the nearest value is hidden in the cover image so that cover image distortion is minimized. 3. PVD method (Pixel Value Differencing): In this method the image is divided into non-overlapping blocks of two pixels in zig-zag manner. The amount of secret data to be embedded is determined by the difference in pixel values of two adjacent pixels. More amount of data can be hidden when the difference of pixel value is high, and less amount of data is hidden when the difference is low. In this method the cover image is not required for extraction of the secret message. 4. MBNS method (Multiple Based Notation System method): This method is based on Human vision sensitivity(HVS). The amount of secret data that can be hidden in a pixel is determined by a parameter called local variation. Local variation depends on Human Vision Sensitivity, and it is determined by three surrounding pixel values. Greater the value of Local variation, more amount of data can be hidden in that pixel. And less amount of data can be hidden in pixel if local variation value is small. When these methods are compared for low capacity hiding PVD and MBNS approaches produce better stego images than LSB based methods. Zhe-ming-lu et al. [68] this paper proposes an image retrieval scheme based in BTC based Histograms. BTC (Block Truncation Coding) is simple and easy to implement image compression technique. To reduce the bit rate of each part of BTC coded triple data, Vector Quantization is applied. Chin-Chen Chang et al. [19] this paper proposes a reversible data-hiding scheme for embedding secret data in VQ-compressed codes based on the de-clustering strategy and the similar property of adjacent areas in a natural image. This method has more flexibility and higher embedding capacity than other schemes. H. Motameni et al. [25] the authors have proposed a novel technique for hiding text message in a grayscale image. In this method different colors in the cover image are labeled in order to identify dark regions in the image. Data embedding in the these darker regions results in high quality stego images. This method offers more security than other LSB techniques. Zhensong Liao et al. [69] this paper summarizes the present techniques of data hiding capacity techniques. Various Communication channel models and host data models are discussed in this paper. H. Arafat Ali [24] the author, proposes a spatial domain steganographic scheme for JPEG images. This technique is based on statistical analysis and called IVSP (Improving Visual Statistical Properties) Method. This proposed method enhances the statistical properties of the stego image and also reduces the quantization error, which creeps in with JPEG format. And this method is also more secure when compared to the other techniques which are in use presently. Youngran et al. [66] this paper proposes a new method which is able to provide high quality stego image. According to pixels characteristics, number of bits can be embedded in stego image is varying and also providing the integrity of original data. Andrew D. Ker [5] Batch steganography problem deals with spreading payload in multiple covers. Author has proved that the secure steganographic capacity is proportional to the square root of the total cover size. Hong -juan zhang and Hong-jun tang [28], Proposed a novel method of image Steganography which can withstand for statistical analysis tests like RS and Chi-Square steganalysis techniques. Kazuya Sasazaki et al. [35] this paper proposes scheme for hiding data that loss lessly stuffs a data bits into a carrier image using the two differences. In this scheme, a three-pixel block in an image contains two absolute differences-the difference between pixels one and two, and the difference between pixels two and three. Such a difference is called block difference. Chung-Ming Wang et al. [21] this work is an improvement over Wu and Tsai scheme of pixel value differencing (2003). In this method the image is divided in to the blocks of two consecutive pixels and the number of bits that can be embedded is determined from the width of the range table. The reminder of sum of two pixel values with width of suitable range is calculated and modulus of pixel values is adjusted to the decimal value of binary string to be embedded in the block of two consecutive pixels. This method also addresses the falling-off boundary problem and produces high quality stego images than any other technique of spatial domain steganography. But the hiding capacity is low in this method when compared to other methods. Chien-Ping Chang et al. [20] Authors have proposed a novel data hiding scheme that embeds a message into a cover image. This method uses Tri way pixel value differencing method. In this method blocks of four pixels are considered at a time. This four pixel block is divided into three pairs. And the PVD method is applied separately to these three pairs. From the modified pairs on pair is chosen as a reference pair and other two are adjusted. By this method the hiding capacity enormously increases over Pixel Value Differencing Method. But the quality of stego image when expressed in terms of PSNR value decreases. Adem Orsdemir et al. [1] this method is based on the Higher Order Statistics Steganalysis. Generally any steganographer focuses more on undetectability and payload but not about the statistical difference between the stego image and cover image. When the steganographer is well aware of the steganalysis methods HOS steganalyzer and by formulating statistical in distinguish ability requirement, visual quality requirement, and detect ability requirement the method of steganography can withstand the steganalysis methods based on statistical differences. Chin-Chen Chang et al. [16] It is proposed in this method that digital images can be compressed using Block Truncation Coding (BTC). BTC is the most efficient spatial domain method with simple computations and acceptable compression rates. Zhiyuan Zhang et al. [71] generally in two-description image coding the image are partitioned into two parts and each description is produced by alternatively concatenating a finely coded bit stream of the other part. Multi Description Coding is a reliable method for robust transmission over unreliable networks. H.B.Kekre et al. [26] This paper proposes a new improved version of Least Significant Bit (LSB) method. Before embedding the data a 8 bit secret key used and XORed with all the bytes of the message to be embedded. Message is recovered by XOR operation, by the same key. Depending on the MSBs the number of bits of LSB utilized for data embedding are calculated. This method is simple to implement and offers high payload than other methods like PVD. Sathiamoorthy Manoharam [54] analyzes the steganalysis of LSB technique using the RS Steganalysis technique. The two classes of images- natural photographic images and synthetic images are taken as the cover medium. Ahmad T. Al-Taani and Abdullah M. AL-Issa [2] the proposed method provides good quality and high embedding capacity of stego image. Here the carrier image is divided into blocks of equal sizes and then stuffs the original data bits in the edge of the block depending on the number of ones in left four bits of the pixel. Experimental results of this method are compared with Pixel Value Differencing method and Gray Level Modification Method. P. Mouli and M. Mihcak [45] described the data hiding capacities of various image sources. Hong -juan zhang and Hong-jun tang [28] Proposed a novel method of image Steganography which can withstand for statistical analysis tests like RS and Chi-Square steganalysis techniques. 2.3 Literature survey on Network Security John McHugh et al. [33] this paper describes the role of an IDS in an enterprise and also gives survey on mostly used intrusion detection techniques. This paper also describes the various representative systems from the commercial, public, and research areas. Ray Spencer et al. [53] this paper, proposed a Flask micro kernel based operating system, security architecture which provides the solutions for the access rights sort of problems and it is suitable for many operating environments. Clive Grace [22] it gives a detailed understanding of various types of attacks possible and also various types of intrusion detection systems and soft wares. Nong Ye et al. [42] this work paper gives an investigation on a multivariate quality control technique. This method is finds a long-term profile of normal activities in the profiles in order to detect intrusions. Tal Garfinkel and Mendel Rosenblum [59] it proposes the Intrusion detection architecture and also the results are demonstrated to detect the attacks using the IDS which are completely isolated from the monitored host. Tal Garfinkel et al. [58] This architecture provides a tamper resistant trusted hardware platform where each and every application will be running on either the open platform that is general purpose platform or the closed platform that is general purpose platform with security and integrity properties. P. Englund et al. [43] this paper describes the trusted platform which provides a strict control over the software and hardware platforms to withstand the various vulnerabilities. Suresh N.Chari and Pau-Chen Cheng [57] Blue box, the host based IDS, is designed based on the system call introspection. They designed some set of fine grained rules for access control to the system resources. M. Rosenblum and T. Garfinkel.[37] It describes the virtual machine monitor and also how the VMM is useful to provide security. It also looks after the various implementation issues and future directions for the VMM. James E. Smith and Ravi Nair [30] in this paper various levels of abstractions of virtualization and also the architecture of virtual machines are described. Process and system virtual machines are also described over here. Peyman Kabiri and Ali A. Ghorbani [47] it gives a review on current trends and technologies implemented by re- searchers and also elucidated the applications of honey pots to detect attacks. Petar Cisar and Sanja Maravic Cisar [46] this paper describes a flow based algorithm combined with data mining techniques for intrusion detection. Jenni Susan Reuben [31] this paper gives a literature survey on various security issues as well as threats which are common for all virtualization technologies. Zhenwei Yu et al. [60] this paper gives an experimental result for an automatically tuning intrusion detection system which controls the number of alarms output to the system operator and according to the feedback mechanism provided by the system operator, tunes the detection model when false alarms are identified. The Flask architecture of security enhanced Linux for red hat is described in detail in this website [81]. 2.4 CONCLUSION This literature described the various methods and algorithms existing for the steganography and network security. Based on the existing algorithms, the conclusions are proposed to provide the efficient methods for the below 1. Data Security 2. Network Security 2.4.1 Data Security For providing the data security, there are many cryptography and as well as steganography methods existing for the data to be transmitted on the channel. But for any algorithm, it is has its own disadvantages. In the case of Steganography, the basic algorithm is LSB algorithm and some variations on the spatial domain techniques. But at any point of instance, algorithm is public. Once the algorithm is known, attacker will be trying to get the secure data. In this thesis two algorithms are proposed to provide the data security, which were not presented so far, which are as follows: Highly Secured, High Payload and Randomized Image Steganographic Algorithm using Robust Key: In this proposed method, the algorithm used for steganography process is either the PVDM or LSB algorithms depending on the inter pixel difference value in order to increase the data stuffing capacity with out disturbing the quality of the stego image. The position of pixels where to stuff bits will be decided by the stego key which is randomly selected by the user and this key is transmitted to the other party in encrypted form. So the key is robust. Highly Secured, High Quality, High Payload and Randomized Image Steganographic Algorithm using Robust key based on Tri way PVDM Method : In this proposed method, the algorithm used for steganography process is the Tri way PVD with Modulus which is an extension of Tri way PVD [20] in order to increase the stego image quality. The position of pixels where to stuff bits will be decided by the stego key which is randomly selected by the user and transmitted to the other party in encrypted form. So the key is robust. 2.4.2 Network Security For Providing the Network Security, There are many software and hardware devices available like firewalls, IDS etc.,. Generally an intrusion is detected by the IDS, immediately that can be patched by using the available techniques, meanwhile the applications are to be stopped temporarily, where as the proposed trusted architecture for providing network security will provide a self healing intrusion detection system without disturbing the actual state of the system, and trust can be taken back to the system by using the virtualization concepts.

St. Johns Wort As A Treatment For Depression: Herbal Healer or Ineffec

St. John's Wort As A Treatment For Depression: Herbal Healer or Ineffective Alternative? This country has its share of major health issues, and Depression has remained a prominent one. With a prevalence rate of one in twenty suffering from this psychological disease in the US, (1) it is no wonder that many varying treatment options now exist for sufferers. The most common approach to treating Depression is with some form of psychotherapy coupled with prescription drugs. However, this traditional course of treatment now has the so called 'alternative' approaches to contend with. One such alternative therapy is Hypericum, an herb that is more commonly known as St. John's Wort. There is a bubbling debate between believers in the herbal treatment and non-believers (comprised mostly of doctors and researchers) who think St. John's Wort does nothing for Depression. From both sides of the debate, however, there have been some interesting findings. There is a common understanding that St. John's Wort was named after John the Baptist. Hypericum perforatum is its Latin name. St. John's Wort is a naturally occurring plant characterized by its black-spotted yellow flowers. Historically it has been hailed as an effective treatment for an array of ailments, including digestive disorders, lung ailments, skin abrasions, and as a general inducer of state of 'well being'. From its supporting side, the argument is that St. John's Wort should be treated as comparable to prescription antidepressants and as just another available option for the millions who are depressed in this country. Supporters often site the fact that German doctors endorse millions of doses of the herb daily, and elsewhere in Europe, the medical community readily ack... ...cription", mixing herbs with prescription drugs For More Information: http://my.webmd.com/content/article/13/1668_50209 7) Newsweek article "A Natural Mood Booster", treating Depression with St. John's Wort http://www.iherb.com/iherb/newmay519nat.html 8) National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), "Information About St. John's Wort" page http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/stjohnswort.cfm 9) National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine , St. John's Wort Fact Sheet http://nccam.nih.gov/nccam/fcp/factsheets/stjohnswort/stjohnswort.htm 10) National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine , St. John's Wort Q & A http://nccam.nih.gov/ne/press-releases/stjohnswort/q-and-a.htm 11) Health World Online , index of articles on Depression and herbal remedies http://www.healthy.net/asp/templates/condition.asp?ConditionId=90

Citizen Kane †innovative techniques Essay

Citizen Kane, a classic American dramatic film, is considered to be the ultimate classic masterpiece and the world’s most famous and highest rated film, as it is ranked the number one best film of all time. It was the first movie Orson Welles, a theatrical genius, co-wrote, directed, and produced at only an age of twenty-five years. The subject of this movie is the life of Charles Foster Kane, known as Citizen Kane, which is played by Welles himself. Dating back to 1941, Citizen Kane set a high standard for the art of cinematography as it made cinematic advances and technical innovations on many fronts. A new style of film making was created with innovations varying from the use of deep focus technique, camera positions and angles shots, story telling and aural techniques. The most innovative technical aspect of Citizen Kane is the extended use of deep focus technique which is considered to be the most significant contribution to cinematography. This technique allowed him to photograph backgrounds with as mush clarity as foregrounds, as opposed to having only the people and things in the foreground in focus. Such a technique is noticed in the scene where Kane’s parents are filmed discussing his future while he’s seen through the window in the foreground playing outside in the snow. Deep focus makes possible for the film maker to showcase overlapping simultaneous actions, where the mise-en-scà ¨ne becomes more significant since the physical environment in which the film takes place should be then taken into account. Besides, is it important to note that the cast members that Welles’s had chosen for his film had never made a movie before and were all classically trained theatrical actors. Their theatrical background played an important role and had an impact on the success of techniques like deep focus, since actors were placing themselves firmly in each scene. Moreover, another unorthodox method used in the film was the low-angle shot. This technique tends to elongate a person or object, making him or it seem more important. They were used to display a position facing upward, thus showing ceilings in the background of the scene. Such camera positions and angles were important in Citizen Kane, since they had artistic and psychological effects. That technique gives an added power to the person on the screen, which turned out to be Kane for most of the scenes. It  intimidates the viewers since they found themselves in the inferior position of looking up. In fact, it is that excessive use of those shots that bent Kane and made him grotesque to our responsiveness. In addition to that technique, we have witnessed in the film several scenes which depict characters moving across rooms, and having the floors and ceilings moving with them. This unusual technique tends to dehumanize the characters by plunging and reducing them to some ornaments in a shifting or moving architecture. Welles also carried over creative storytelling techniques, from flashbacks to techniques that relate successive episodic sequences. What is meant by the latter is the making of adjacent scenes on a same set, but having the characters changing their costumes and make-up during the cut in between the two scenes. In this way, the following scene would be taking place in the same location of the previous one but at a time long after the previous cut. On the other hand, flashbacks were greatly used in the film: telling Kane’s life story entirely in flashbacks was another innovative approach to storytelling. Other types of cinematic advances are the aural techniques, which were definitely related to Welles’s experience with sound from radio. Sound effects were intensively but skilfully used in the film to create moods and emotions, such as the cold echo heard at the monumental library, in the scene which put on view the reporter and the daunting librarian. In addition to mounting the potential of sound as a producer of moods and emotions, we witness in Citizen Kane a remarkable aural innovation, known technically as the lightning-mix, which is used to link between different scenes via related continuous series of sounds or phrase. Here, the continuity of the soundtrack, not the image, gives a smooth seamless narrative jump between two different scenes. To illustrate that technique, we can recall, in the beginning of the film, the scene where the guardian of Kane, who was still a child, wishes him a â€Å"Merry Christmas†, after which we suddenly jump to a shot of Kane, fift een years later, hearing â€Å"and a Happy New Year†. In addition, Welles had many others innovative techniques such as the use of  glasses and mirrors which can be seen through out the movie, to enhance the effect of the movie. We can recall the last scenes of the film where Kane is left alone, where in one of the scenes; he passes in front of a set of mirrors in the background of the set. Besides, Welles’s use of lighting and shadow was impressive, having camera set-ups designed to frame characters in the oblique angle of light and shadow created by their environment. Finally, we cannot but admit that Citizen Kane introduced Hollywood to the inventive, creative and productive potential of cinematic techniques. All the department of visuals, special effects, sounds and screenplay shows innovative techniques. The art of filmmaking was immensely affected by the technical brilliance of Orson Welles. Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_kanehttp://www.sparknotes.com/film/citizenkane/section2.rhtml

Liquidating companies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 4032 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? It is best if insolvent companies are liquidated as soon as possible and creditors paid out. Doing anything else with such companies is just not efficient. Introduction From the sole perspective of a corporate creditor, the logic inherent in the title question is impeccable. The orderly breakup or winding up of a corporation that permits creditors to realize on their debts within a reasonable period, whether achieved by voluntary or compulsory means, is a central element in a properly constituted insolvency regime. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Liquidating companies" essay for you Create order However, the title proposition is only a single element in any consideration of the forces at play in a corporate insolvency. Not only does insolvency typically engage issues amongst creditors in terms of both quantum and priority, a profound public interest is present in many corporate insolvency proceedings that drives the agenda concerning the preservation or reorganization of an insolvent corporation. The satisfaction of these legitimate interests often requires time and effort that is at odds with the simple and expeditious pay out of debts. The current global financial crisis and its incipient threat posed to numerous UK and international corporate entities provide a contemporary illustration of the numerous potential public interest dimensions to the title question. This paper seeks to identify the principles that operate in this sphere. Particular attention is directed to the scope and application of the pari passu principles and their impact upon the desired efficiency in insolvency proceedings contemplated in the title statement. The factors that provide support for the stated object of procedural efficiency and those that militate against it are examined and contrasted. Practical examples are applied to the analytical framework to support the conclusion that insolvency issues cannot be resolved entirely in the unilateral fashion contended in the title. Insolvency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" first principles The broad definition of insolvency is a straightforward proposition. Insolvency is the inability to meet a debt or other financial obligation, either by virtue of insufficient cash flow, or where the total liabilities exceed the value of the assets available to meet them.[1]At this early stage of the analysis, it is important to ensure that this general insolvency definition is understood from two critical philosophical perspectives. The first is that insolvency as an outcome of debt is a part of the triad of interests that drives all corpor ate and commercial activity, that of debtor / creditor / society at large. Described variously in the academic literature as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“compactà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of interests that is essential to an effective marketplace[2], broadly stated the extension of credit to corporations is an essential feature of virtually every corporate existence that serves to benefit society as a whole[3]. This benefit derived from the ability of corporations to obtain ready access to credit to facilitate business and to generate both employment and trade, there will necessarily be risk of failure by such firms that utilise credit[4]. The Cork Committee in 1982 identified a number of factors that continue to operate below the surface of every insolvency consideration; these factors continue to be relevant and must be borne in mind as the present analysis moves forward, including[5]: The ability to diagnose corporate financial problems at an early stage Prevention of conflict amongst creditor claims Preservation of corporate assets Reduction of delay in insolvency proceedings Recognition of the broader societal interests; preservation of some corporations is vital to national interests This bare schematic review of the relationship of creditorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interests to the entire insolvency picture reveals the operation of other interests that are not necessarily consistent with the efficient resolution of debtor claims. The precise determinations of the various forces that may compel insolvency are beyond the scope of this paper. It is important to appreciate however that the broader economic influences that may impair the finances or creditworthiness of any corporate venture include such macroeconomic factors as interest rates; economic recession or contraction; government policy[6]. Individual enterprises may be susceptible to internal inefficiencies and poor planning, especially with respect to cash flow and the orderly meeting of their obligations[7]. Armour notes that there is also an important societal interest in the encouragement of innovation that must be driven by the availability of venture capital that is more likely to be exposed to a corpo rate default that ultimately leads to insolvency.[8] As UK business becomes ever-increasingly integrated into a globalised financial environment, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ one of the most important determinants of (success will be) venture capital investmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[9] Entrepreneurship as an outcome of a robust and vigorous economy may only be fostered through access to capital.[10]In this sense, the encouragement of risk is the recognition that there will inevitably be failures in the pursuit of innovation and corporate success. Legislative framework Given the philosophical underpinning that is suggested as the primary issue to be extracted from the title question and subjected to examination, this paper does not provide an in-depth review of the relevant UK and European statutory frameworks or the procedural rules within which insolvency matters are conducted, except as is necessary to ensure how the question of efficiency is defined or otherwise encouraged wit hin the legislative frameworks. The UK Insolvency Act provides two separate mechanisms for the winding up of corporations, voluntary and compulsory. A voluntary winding up pursuant to s.84 of the Act provides two mechanisms for the passing of special and extraordinary resolutions for winding up; a compulsory winding up and the supervision of the process by means of liquidator appointment and court supervision is also mandated.[11] The legislation also provides for the conversion of a voluntary winding up into a compulsory proceeding, especially where the orderly dissolution of the subject company is questioned.[12] Where there is evidence of sharp practice or concerns that preference is improperly being extended to one creditor over another, the power of independent investigation and greater transparency of a court supervised proceeding is preferable.[13] The preservation of the principles of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fairness and commercial moralityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  through a compulsory cou rt order will usually involve a delay and additional expense to the debtor / litigants that is contrary to the sentiments underlying the title question.[14] The appropriate EC regulation is not intended to harmonise insolvency practices in the European Union. The regulation is a recognition that all member nations will continue to employ their own insolvency practices. The regulation has been described as being amenable to a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“purposive and liberal interpretationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[15]It is not a device primarily directed at how the quantum or extent of corporate debts are resolved; the regulation is instead à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ a piece of subordinate Community legislation which forms part of English Law. It was introduced in order to lay down mandatory rules for choice of law, jurisdiction, recognition, enforcement and co-operation applicable to cross-border insolvencies within the European Union.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [16] Certain industries are also subject to specific statutor y regimes to govern insolvency; the UK insurance industry is a notable example.[17] It is contended that the most important consideration to be taken from the applicable legislation in the present context is that it collectively reflects a broader philosophical stance than the simple orderly and expeditious settling of all corporate debts in insolvency proceedings. As with the analysis of the pari passu principle set out below, insolvency legislation represents two different sets of intersections between legal theory and pragmatic action. Carruthers described the first as the meeting of the law, organizations, and professional interests associated with insolvency matters à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the essential à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“industriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  that propel insolvency proceedings forward.[18]The elevation of bankruptcy or its threatened occurrence has been a constant feature in the daily business news so as to heighten their appreciation as a corporate survival tactic, as opposed to a natural and sometimes unavoidable part of the business cycle.[19] The legislative framework also represents an appreciation that insolvency is an intersection of the variety of contractual relationships that exist both within and beyond the corporate structure.[20] The satisfaction of debt claims must occur against a backdrop of these various interests. The inter-relationship between public policy and insolvency proceedings Public policy considerations in the larger question of insolvency proceedings will include the proper treatment of creditors. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"stakeholderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is often applied in any assessment of multiple interests potentially at play in a given analysis; in many insolvency proceedings the stakeholders with legitimate interests in the outcome of a winding up, either voluntary or compulsory, will extend far beyond the boundaries established by the number of entities that extended credit to an enterprise. In all corporate insolve ncies, there will some consideration given to the impact that the prospective winding up will have upon the employees of the company and its relative importance to the economy of a region or nation as a whole. These are transcendent questions that taken alone might trump a creditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest in the expeditious resolution of its debts. Employment and job security are dormant but ever present insolvency issues that become activated when a company strikes the financial reef that is its inability to meet its obligations.[21]There are a multitude of examples from UK and international insolvency case law that stand for the proposition that in some circumstances, the orderly and expeditious resolution of creditor claims will be secondary to the national interests perceived to be at issue when major employers or key members of an industry sector face insolvency.[22]The extended public debate concerning the fate of British Rover MG and how the UK government might have in tervened to assist the auto manufacturer is an example of how a larger public interest can dominate an insolvency question.[23] From the perspective of organised labour, and apart from the issues of how debts ought to be satisfied in insolvency proceedings, there are often significant questions raised by employees as to how a company can be maintained as a going concern to preserve both their ongoing employment and future pension and other health benefit interests. Strategies such as employee buyouts, either initiated by the employees alone or facilitated by the extension of public funds are a solution to insolvency that does not necessarily advance the immediate interests of a corporate creditor in their debt and its optimal satisfaction.[24] The pari passu principle and its relationship to efficient insolvency proceedings The pari passu principle is well entrenched in UK insolvency proceedings, to the extent that it is routinely described in the case law as the foundation of insolvency law[25]. From the 1978 House of Lords decision in British Eagle[26], its primacy as a governing doctrine and its true utility as a device for the proper resolution of insolvency claims has been endorsed in various proceedings and challenged by numerous academics and it has served as the subject of significant commentary[27]. Pari passu is the expression applied to any circumstance where debts or other types of obligations attract equal rights of payment. The expression is also used to describe clauses contained in various instruments to provide for rate able treatment of particular debts. Expressed another way, the pari passu principle requires that all creditors (in positions of relative equality as determined by pre-insolvency law) should be paid back the same proportion of their debt in their debtorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liquidation.[28] As is discussed below, pari passu is a legal term of art whose true meaning and importance is not cast in stone but must be asses sed in the circumstances of individual cases. It is noted that the rule in British Eagle arose in circumstances where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a legitimate clearing house scheme, entered into for good business reasons was declared to be void as contrary to public policy in an insolvency situation, because it would, if effective, have deprived the general body of creditors of the insolvent company of assets which should have been available for distribution pari passu, whilst favouring a limited body of creditors within the clearing house schemeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[29] British Eagle as a proceeding that concerned a national UK airline carrier was a circumstance that engaged arguably broader public policy considerations that a conventional business insolvency. From a preliminary inspection, pari passu would seem to be in accord with the essence of the title question. The notion that creditors will be paid out in strict accordance with their status within the stru cture of the corporate indebtedness at the time that insolvency is determined has an inherent fairness. As this type of equality represents fairness, the argument is frequently advanced that the pari passu rule ensures all creditors are treated fairly. Some commentators have described the pari passu principle as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“normal ruleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of UK insolvency.[30]Goode describes the relationship between the equality of treatment underlying the principle and the desire for orderly insolvency proceedings as equivalent concepts.[31] One of the most articulate challenges to the pari passu convention as one of myth and not substantive legal doctrine is advanced by Mokal in his 2001 analysis[32]. Mokal founds the argument that pari passu is inoperative in most insolvency circumstances on a contention that there must exist in all cases of insolvency an inherent tension between the ability of parties to pursue freedom of contract and the limitations of the pari passu doct rine[33]. The imposition of pari passu serves to distort the priorities between debtors as only those in relative positions of equality in insolvency as treated pari passu.[34] The central distinction between pre-insolvency law (i.e. the contractual position of the parties) and insolvency law underscores this point. Prior to either a voluntary or compulsory winding up each creditor is free to pursue whatever enforcement measures are open to them. The rule is sometimes expressed as, in the absence of insolvency proceedings, is that the race goes to the swiftest Liquidation puts an end to the race.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [35] It is further contended that true rateability amongst corporate debtors can never be achieved due to the combined effect of contractual terms that may explicitly govern how debts are resolved and the welter of statutory exceptions to the pari passu principle. These exceptions include: The rights of set off at insolvency such as credits obtained pre-insolvency[36]; trade credit is estimated as twice as important as bank credit in the orderly flow of business[37] Claims arising after a winding up order is made (e.g. utility suppliers to a business); these are treated as an expense of the winding up proceeding and therefore will likely be afforded more favourable treatment than other corporate debts Pre-litigation creditors who can wield influence over the status of the insolvency proceedings, such as a landlord who possesses rights of distress[38] Preferred claims, such as VAT, customs and excise duties and obligations to employees by way of outstanding wages or holiday pay Deferred debts protected by statute (e.g. classes of shareholder claims) Solicitor and accounting fees[39] Liens on goods sold to the insolvent company The power of a court to vary the pari passu rule is undoubted: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Thus strict priorities and pari passu distribution may be varied by the court, for example, in sanctioning payment of a class of creditor in full under Schedule 4 para 1 Insolvency Act 1986, sanctioning a scheme or compromise to that effect under s. 167(1) and s.425 of the Companies Act 1985 and in a number of other varied circumstancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [40] The conclusion to be drawn from the weight of the exceptions permitted the application of pari passu is that the conventional belief in the usefulness of the doctrine to promote fair and orderly insolvency proceedings is that this position is rendered paradoxical, as the treatment of preferred claims is both an exception to, and yet an application of the pari passu rule at the same time (emphasis added).[41]This paradox is borne out by empirical evidence of how debt claims are actually satisfied in a majority of UK insolvency proceedin gs. General unsecured creditors (the only category of claimant truly subject to the pari passu rule)[42]obtain an estimated zero returns in 88% of administrative receiverships, 75% of creditorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ voluntary liquidations, and 78% of compulsory liquidations. On average, such creditors only receive 7% of what they are owed in total.[43] As noted above, the circumstances of each insolvency must necessarily play a significant role as to the course of subsequent proceedings initiated or maintained by a debtor. The statistical data relied upon by Mozal suggests that most types of insolvency claims à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ either are or can be exempted from the application of the pari passu principleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , where it is very likely that in most if not all liquidations, hardly any claimants will be paid on a pari passu basisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[44] This data also serves to undermine the contention that a pari passu distribution is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ normal rule in a corporate insolvencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[45] The difference highlighted here between the statement of the pari passu principle and the criticism leveled against it may be distilled to a single point. The rule does not speak so much to the distribution of assets in insolvency proceedings as it reinforces the different priorities of claims protected by the rule.[46] Even in those circumstances where unsecured claims other than preferential claims (created by either contract or statutory operation) form the bulk of the insolvency claims made, in most liquidations the available assets will not (and cannot) be distributed equally[47]. Where the pari passu rule is intended to govern distributions, the statistical data suggests that actual distribution in accordance with pari passu is almost never takes place.[48] The Insolvency Act provides that all unsecured or otherwise specially defined shall be paid pari passu, but this provision is triggered only after the windi ng up has commenced. The legislation does not encourage a Court to examine the past transactions of the company that relate to the debts owed and proceed to equalise the positions of all creditors. In such proceedings, the Court is compelled to take à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ them exactly as it finds themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[49] Keay and Walton contend for a contrary position. They assert that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the underlying aim behind the use of the equality principle is to produce fairness, so that every creditor is treated in the same wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[50] This argument advances the proposition that to abolish or restrict the operation of the pari passu principle would be to return to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mediaeval policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of allowing those with the greatest resources and access to legal remedies to deprive poorer and weaker creditors of anything in their debtorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s insolvency.[51]Finch describes the prospects of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“c haotic raceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  where huge costs are expended in the competitive pursuit of remedies amongst creditors, where expert creditors have an insurmountable advantage over the nave or unsophisticated challenger.[52] Conclusion It is submitted that no sensible person can take issue with the proposition that the pursuit of justice is best undertaken in an orderly and cost effective fashion. The cases and the academic commentaries, when taken together, illustrate that equality of treatment exists in principle only. Pari passu principles have more to do with exceptions to equal treatment and the wholesale defeat of unsecured creditor interests by statutory and common law exceptions, than they do with the promotion of insolvency proceeding order and cost effectiveness. If the premise contained in the title question is to be regarded as a legitimate and overarching goal of insolvency proceedings, the pragmatic appeal of its sentiment to a corporate debtor must not be mask ed by the forest of exceptions apparent from the combined effect of its exceptions. Bibliography Table of Statutes Insolvency Act, 1986 Council Regulation (EC), 1346/2000 (in force May, 2002) Insurers (Reorganisation and Winding-up) Regulations 2004 SI 2004/353 Table of Cases Associated Travel Leisure Ltd, Re [1978] 2 AER 273 British Eagle International Ltd à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"v- Compagnie Nationale Air France [1978] 1 WLR 758 Gordon Beach Science [1995] BCC 261 HIH Casualty General Insurance Ltd Ors v McMahon Ors [2006] EWCA Civ 732 (09 June 2006) Toshuku Finance UK plc, Re [2002] 1 WLR 671 National Westminster Bank Ltd. v Halesowen Presswork and Assemblies Ltd. [1972] A.C. 785 (HL) North Atlantic Insurance Co Ltd. v Nationwide General Insurance Co Ltd. Ors [2003] EWHC 449 (Comm) (13 March 2003) Re Tain Construction [2005] BCC 88 Re Zirceman [2000] BCC 1048 Syska v Vivendi Univ ersal SA Ors [2008] EWHC 2155 (Comm) (02 October 2008) Table of Authorities Armour, John (2008) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Financing Innovation: The Role of Insolvency Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/armour.pdf (Accessed November 12, 2008) Armour, John, Simon Deakin and Suzanne J. Konzelmann (2003) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Beyond shareholder primacy? Reflections on the trajectory of UK corporate governanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ British Journal of Industrial Relations 41(3) 531-555 Charitou, Andreas, Evi Neophytou and Chris Charalambous (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Predicting Corporate Failure: Empirical Evidence for the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ European Accounting Association at https://www.pba.ucy.ac.cy/courses/2004_EAR_publications_final_published_REAR1001111.pdf (Accessed November 12, 2008) Carruthers, Bruce and Terence Halliday (1998) Rescuing Business: The Making of Corporate Bankruptcy Law in England and the United States (Oxford: OUP) Cork Committee (Review Committ ee on Insolvency Law and Practice) Finch, Vanessa (2002) Corporate Insolvency Law: Perspectives and Principles (Cambridge: CUP) Finch, Vanessa à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Security, insolvency and riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1999) 62 M.L.R. 633, 634 Fletcher, I.F (2006) The Law of Insolvency (4th Ed.) Goode, R.M. (2005) Principles of Corporate Insolvency Law (London: Sweet Maxwell) Keay, Andrew and Peter Walton (2003) Insolvency Law: Corporate and Personal (2nd ed.) (UK: Jordan) Hansard, (2004) Select Committee on Trade industry (Minutes of evidence), Q260-276 Ho, Look Chan (2005) Pari Passu Distribution and Post-Petition Disposition: A rationalization of Re Tain Construction Social Science Research Network at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=852804 (Accessed November 14, 2008) Jensen, Anthony (2006) Insolvency, Employee Rights Employee Buyouts: A Strategy for Restructuring (Ithaca Consulting) at https://www.efesonline.org/LIBRARY/2006/Insolvency, Employee Rights Employee Buyouts.pdf (Accessed November 15, 2008) Kaufman, Aaron M. (2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The European Union Goes Comi-Tose: Hazards of Harmonizing Corporate Insolvency Laws in the Global Economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Houston Journal of International Law, 29, 3: 625 Keay, Andrew and Peter Walton (2003) Insolvency: Corporate and Personal (UK: Longman) Loose, P. and Michael Griffiths (2005) Loose on Liquidators: The role of a liquidator in a voluntary winding up (UK: Jordan) Milman D. and Charles Durrant (1999) Corporate Insolvency: law and practice (2nd Ed.) (London: Sweet Maxwell) Mokal, Rizwaan Jameel (2001) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Priority as Pathology: The Pari Passu Mythà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2001] Cambridge Law Journal 581-621 (November), also at https://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6417context=expresso (Accessed November 13, 2008) Pennington, Robert (1997) Penningtonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporate Insolvency Law (2nd ed.) Tolmie, Fiona (2003) Corporate a nd Personal Insolvency Law (London: Routledge) 1 Footnotes [1] Tolmie (2003) 2, 3 [2] Ibid, 4 [3] Finch (2002), 4; see also Armour (2008) 2, 5 [4] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Credità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is this context may be bank, private equity or trade credit [5] Summary of 1982 Cork Committee (Review Committee on Insolvency Law and Practice); see also Finch (2002), 25, 26; Tolmie (2003), 5 [6] Charitou (2004), 4 [7] ibid [8] Armour (2008), 5 [9]Ibid, 4 [10] Ibid, 6 [11] Insolvency Act, ss.84, 86 [12] See e.g. Gordon Beach Science [1995] BCC 261 [13] Loose Griffiths (2005), 21 [14] Ibid, 22; see also Re Zirceman [2000] BCC 1048 regarding the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"compelling reasonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ necessary to overcome the majority of creditors by value to obtain such an order [15] Ibid; see also Kaufman (2007), 625, and the analysis of the Parmalat proceedings in Italy and Ireland in 2003 and subsequent proceedings before the European Court of Justice [16] Syska v Vivendi Universal SA Ors [2008] EWHC 2155 (Com m) (02 October 2008), para 10 [17] Insurers (Reorganisation and Winding-up) Regulations 2004 SI 2004/353 is an example [18] Carruthers (1998), 6 [19] Ibid [20] Ibid, 7 [21] Armour, Deakin Konzelmann (2003), s.3.1, p.9 [22] British Coal and British Rail are notable UK examples from the later 20th century; the recent developments in a variety of national sectors in terms of the contemplated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bail outsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , such as the North American automotive industry, is another [23] Hansard, (2004) Select Committee on Trade industry (Minutes of Evidence), Q260-276; [24] Jensen, Anthony (2006) Insolvency, Employee Rights Employee Buyouts: A Strategy for Restructuring, 6,7; this particular document is written from a pro-labour perspective, but it effectively identifies the public issue at play [25] Re Tain [26] British Eagle International Ltd à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"v- Compagnie Nationale Air France [1978] 1 WLR 758 [27] See Finch (2002), c.13 [28] Mokal, (2001), 25 [29] As the rule was stated and applied in North Atlantic Insurance, n40 [30] Finch, ibid [31] Goode (2005) [32] Mokal, Rizwaan Jameel (2001) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Priority as Pathology: The Pari Passu Mythà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2001] Cambridge Law Journal 581-621 [33] Ibid, 583 [34] Ibid, 585 [35] Goode, ibid, 142; Mokal, 13 [36] See also National Westminster Bank Ltd. v Halesowen Presswork and Assemblies Ltd. [1972] A.C. 785 (HL), where the Court held that the administration of insolvent estates embodies important elements of public policy, and since the rights of insolvency set-off form part of that regime, the creditor given such set-off rights cannot contract out of them [37] Armour, ibid [38] Re Toshuku Finance UK plc [2002] 1 WLR 671 [39] Re Associated Travel Leisure Ltd [1978] 2 AER 273 [40] HIH Casualty General Insurance Ltd Ors v McMahon Ors [2006] EWCA Civ 732, para 26, 51 [41] Mokal, 7 [42] Ibid, 13 [43] ibid [44] Ibid, 25 [45] See also North Atlantic Insurance Co Ltd. v Nationwide General Insurance Co Ltd. Ors [2003] EWHC 449, para 26 [46] ibid [47] Mokal, 585 [48] Ibid, 600 [49] Mozak, ibid; see also Carruthers, 8 [50] Keay Walton (2003) [51] Finch, ibid, c.13 [52] Finch (2003), 25